{"id":143863,"date":"2022-03-19T23:42:19","date_gmt":"2022-03-19T18:12:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/"},"modified":"2025-03-20T15:50:03","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T10:20:03","slug":"difference-between-dna-and-rna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/","title":{"rendered":"Difference Between DNA and RNA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#Difference_Between_DNA_and_RNA\" title=\"Difference Between DNA and RNA\">Difference Between DNA and RNA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#DNA\" title=\"DNA\">DNA<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#Structure_Composition_of_DNA\" title=\"Structure &amp; Composition of DNA\">Structure &amp; Composition of DNA<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#Types_of_DNA\" title=\"Types of DNA\">Types of DNA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#RNA\" title=\"RNA\">RNA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#Types_of_RNA\" title=\"Types of RNA\">Types of RNA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#FAQs_on_Difference_Between_DNA_and_RNA\" title=\"FAQs on Difference Between DNA and RNA\">FAQs on Difference Between DNA and RNA<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#What_is_the_Difference_between_DNA_and_RNA\" title=\"What is the Difference between DNA and RNA?\">What is the Difference between DNA and RNA?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#What_is_the_functional_difference_between_DNA_and_RNA\" title=\"What is the functional difference between DNA and RNA?\">What is the functional difference between DNA and RNA?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#Where_are_DNA_and_RNA_found\" title=\"Where are DNA and RNA found?\">Where are DNA and RNA found?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-dna-and-rna\/#Why_is_DNA_a_better_genetic_material_than_RNA\" title=\"Why is DNA a better genetic material than RNA?\">Why is DNA a better genetic material than RNA?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>Earth has a wide variety of living things, ranging from tiny one-celled creatures to more complex plants and animals. However, when we look closely at the smallest parts of life, we find that they all share two important things: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/articles\/dna\/\">DNA<\/a> <\/strong>and <strong>RNA<\/strong>. The main <strong>difference between DNA and RNA<\/strong> is that DNA is like a double rope, while RNA is like a single rope.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-698148\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image.jpg\" alt=\"Difference Between DNA and RNA\" width=\"750\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image.jpg 750w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/MicrosoftTeams-image-300x209.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_Between_DNA_and_RNA\"><\/span>Difference Between DNA and RNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\" style=\"width: 90.4806%; height: 360px;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #89cff0; color: black;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center;\"><strong>DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center;\"><strong>RNA (Ribonucleic acid)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">It is a long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone, and four unique bases: thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">It is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone, and four different bases: uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Location<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">It is located in the nucleus and mitochondria of a cell.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">It can be found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and ribosomes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Sugar Component<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">It contains 2-deoxyribose.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">It contains Ribose.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">DNA is responsible for the transmission of genetic information and serves as a medium for long-term storage.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">RNA plays a crucial role in transmitting the genetic code necessary for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosome.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Predominant Structure<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">DNA is a double-stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">RNA is a single-stranded molecule with a shorter chain of nucleotides.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Propagation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">DNA can replicate itself, it is self-replicating.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">RNA cannot replicate itself. Instead, it is synthesized from DNA when needed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\"><strong>Nitrogenous Bases and Pairing<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">The base pairing is as follows: GC (Guanine pairs with Cytosine), A-T (Adenine pairs with Thymine).<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\">The base pairing is as follows: GC (Guanine pairs with Cytosine), A-U (Adenine pairs with Uracil).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-698111\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/DNA-RNA.jpg\" alt=\"Difference Between DNA and RNA\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/DNA-RNA.jpg 600w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/DNA-RNA-300x236.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA\"><\/span>DNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Within cells, DNA, also known as <strong>Deoxyribonucleic acid<\/strong>, acts as the fundamental plan for making proteins. DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphates, and a distinctive sequence of the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_Composition_of_DNA\"><\/span>Structure &amp; Composition of DNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>DNA contains the instructions needed for living things to grow, develop, and make more of themselves. These instructions are found in every cell and are passed from parents to their children.<\/p>\n<p>DNA is made up of building blocks called nucleotides, which have three parts: a nitrogen group, a phosphate group, and a sugar group. The order of these nitrogen bases \u2013 thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and adenine (A) \u2013 is very important because it determines our genetic code.<\/p>\n<p>Genes are formed by the specific order of these nitrogen bases in DNA, and this order is essential for making proteins. RNA is another molecule that reads the genetic information in DNA to create proteins.<\/p>\n<p>The nucleotides link together to create two long strands that twist into a shape like a spiral ladder, called a double-helix. In this ladder, the sugar and phosphate parts make the sides, and the rungs are formed by the nitrogen bases.<\/p>\n<p>The bases on one strand connect with the bases on the other strand: guanine pairs with cytosine, and adenine pairs with thymine.<\/p>\n<p>DNA molecules are very long, so they are tightly packed into structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule. In humans, we have 23 pairs of chromosomes inside the nucleus of our cells.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_DNA\"><\/span>Types of DNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Sure, here&#8217;s a simplified version of the information:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>A-DNA:<\/strong> This type of DNA is found in conditions with 75% humidity. When there&#8217;s a lot of salt or dehydration, it forms 11 pairs of building blocks, with each pair rising about 2.56\u212b. It has the widest helix shape among all DNA, measuring 23\u212b. It&#8217;s a right-handed helix that turns 32.70 times per pair.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B-DNA:<\/strong> This is the most common DNA type. It&#8217;s found in regular conditions with neutral pH and normal salt levels. It has 10 building block pairs per twist and a helix width of 20\u212b. The famous Watson-Crick double helix model is based on B-DNA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C-DNA:<\/strong> This DNA appears at 66% humidity and when there are a few ions like lithium. It twists with about 9.33 pairs per turn and has a helix width of 19\u212b, rising about 3.320 per pair.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D-DNA:<\/strong> This is a rare variant of DNA. It twists with 8 pairs, tilting away from the center by about 3.03\u212b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Z-DNA:<\/strong> This DNA type is found in very salty environments. Unlike A, B, and C-DNA, it&#8217;s a left-handed helix. Its backbone forms a zig-zag pattern, made up of dinucleotides instead of single building blocks seen in other forms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"RNA\"><\/span>RNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Ribonucleic acid<\/strong>, commonly known as RNA, plays a crucial role in making proteins in living cells. It carries instructions from DNA to control the production of proteins.<\/p>\n<p>RNA is made up of long chains of molecules, including ribose sugar, phosphates, and four different nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). While DNA and RNA share some of these nitrogen bases (A, G, and C), DNA typically contains thymine, while RNA typically contains uracil.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_RNA\"><\/span>Types of RNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Not all genes in cells are used to make RNA. There are different kinds of RNA, and each type comes from its own type of gene:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Transfer RNA (tRNA) &#8211;<\/strong> tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes during the process of making proteins.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Messenger RNA (mRNA) &#8211;<\/strong> mRNA carries the instructions for making a chain of amino acids, which then form a protein.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) &#8211;<\/strong> rRNA helps build ribosomes, which are like protein-making factories in the cell. They read the mRNA instructions and put together the amino acids.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) &#8211; s<\/strong>nRNA combines with proteins to help process RNA in eukaryotic cells, which are a type of cell with a defined nucleus.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs_on_Difference_Between_DNA_and_RNA\"><\/span>FAQs on Difference Between DNA and RNA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\t\t<section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Difference_between_DNA_and_RNA\"><\/span>What is the Difference between DNA and RNA?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t DNA has two strands, creating a double twist, whereas RNA generally has only one strand. In DNA, the sugar is called deoxyribose, while in RNA, it's ribose. Additionally, DNA has the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA has adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_functional_difference_between_DNA_and_RNA\"><\/span>What is the functional difference between DNA and RNA?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDNA and RNA have distinct roles in our bodies. DNA stores and transfers genetic information, while RNA encodes amino acids and serves as a go-between for DNA and ribosomes to create proteins.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Where_are_DNA_and_RNA_found\"><\/span>Where are DNA and RNA found?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDNA can be found inside the cell's nucleus and in the mitochondria, while RNA is present in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and ribosomes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"sc_fs_faq sc_card \">\n\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_DNA_a_better_genetic_material_than_RNA\"><\/span>Why is DNA a better genetic material than RNA?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe DNA's sugar, called deoxyribose, has one fewer oxygen-rich hydroxyl group. DNA is a steadier type of genetic material. In contrast, RNA has ribose sugar and is more prone to reacting. So, DNA is a superior genetic material compared to RNA.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n\t{\n\t\t\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n\t\t\"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n\t\t\"mainEntity\": [\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"What is the Difference between DNA and RNA?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"DNA has two strands, creating a double twist, whereas RNA generally has only one strand. In DNA, the sugar is called deoxyribose, while in RNA, it's ribose. Additionally, DNA has the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA has adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"What is the functional difference between DNA and RNA?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"DNA and RNA have distinct roles in our bodies. DNA stores and transfers genetic information, while RNA encodes amino acids and serves as a go-between for DNA and ribosomes to create proteins.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Where are DNA and RNA found?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"DNA can be found inside the cell's nucleus and in the mitochondria, while RNA is present in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and ribosomes.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t,\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Question\",\n\t\t\t\t\"name\": \"Why is DNA a better genetic material than RNA?\",\n\t\t\t\t\"acceptedAnswer\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"@type\": \"Answer\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"text\": \"The DNA's sugar, called deoxyribose, has one fewer oxygen-rich hydroxyl group. DNA is a steadier type of genetic material. In contrast, RNA has ribose sugar and is more prone to reacting. So, DNA is a superior genetic material compared to RNA.\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t]\n\t}\n<\/script>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Earth has a wide variety of living things, ranging from tiny one-celled creatures to more complex plants and animals. However, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Difference Between DNA and RNA","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Difference Between DNA and RNA: Check Detailed Comparison","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Discover the key difference between DNA and RNA: structure, function, and importance in genetics. 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