{"id":145921,"date":"2022-03-20T02:33:29","date_gmt":"2022-03-19T21:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/effector-cell-definition-activation-process-types-and-function\/"},"modified":"2022-07-28T21:04:29","modified_gmt":"2022-07-28T15:34:29","slug":"effector-cell-definition-activation-process-types-and-function","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/","title":{"rendered":"Effector Cell &#8211; Definition, Activation Process, Types and Function"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Effector_Cells_Definition\" title=\"Effector Cells Definition\">Effector Cells Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Effector_T_Cell_Generation\" title=\"Effector T Cell Generation\">Effector T Cell Generation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Production_of_T_cell_receptor\" title=\"Production of T cell receptor\">Production of T cell receptor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Maturation_of_T_cell\" title=\"Maturation of T cell\">Maturation of T cell<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Positive_Selection\" title=\"Positive Selection\">Positive Selection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Negative_Selection\" title=\"Negative Selection\">Negative Selection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#T-_Cell_Activation\" title=\"T- Cell Activation\">T- Cell Activation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Types_of_Effector_Cell_and_Their_Function\" title=\"Types of Effector Cell and Their Function\">Types of Effector Cell and Their Function<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/#Downregulation_of_Effector_Cell_Function\" title=\"Downregulation of Effector Cell Function\">Downregulation of Effector Cell Function<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effector_Cells_Definition\"><\/span>Effector Cells Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Effector Cell &#8211; Definition Activation Process Types and Function.<\/p>\n<p>There are two types of effector cells:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>T cells: T cells are lymphocytes that originate in the thymus. They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, which is the immune response that occurs when a cell is infected with a virus or other pathogen. The T cells recognize and destroy the infected cells.<\/li>\n<li>B cells: B cells are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow. They are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, which is the immune response that occurs when an antibody binds to a pathogen. The B cells produce antibodies that destroy the pathogen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-145920 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/effector-cell-definition-activation-process-types-and-function.jpg\" alt=\"Effector Cell - Definition, Activation Process, Types and Function\" width=\"606\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/effector-cell-definition-activation-process-types-and-function.jpg?v=1647723804 606w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/effector-cell-definition-activation-process-types-and-function-300x212.jpg?v=1647723804 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effector_T_Cell_Generation\"><\/span>Effector T Cell Generation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T_helper_cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effector T cells<\/a> are generated in the thymus, where they mature from naive T cells. Naive T cells are created in the bone marrow, and then migrate to the thymus, where they undergo several rounds of cell division. During this process, the naive T cells acquire the ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens. The effector T cells then exit the thymus and migrate to the lymph nodes and other organs, where they mount an immune response to the antigen.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Production_of_T_cell_receptor\"><\/span>Production of T cell receptor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>T cell receptor is produced on the surface of a T cell. It is a glycoprotein molecule made up of two chains, a heavy chain and a light chain. The heavy chain is the same for all T cell receptors, while the light chain is different for each receptor. The T cell receptor is produced when a gene for the receptor is copied from the DNA of a T cell into a messenger RNA molecule. The RNA molecule is then used to make a protein molecule.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Maturation_of_T_cell\"><\/span>Maturation of T cell<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/difference-between-b-cells-and-t-cells\/\">Maturation<\/a> of T cells begins in the thymus gland. T cells that are produced in the thymus are called thymocytes. Thymocytes undergo a process of selection and maturation as they move through the thymus. Only the cells that are able to respond to the body&#8217;s own proteins are allowed to mature. These cells are called self-tolerant cells. The thymocytes that are not able to respond to the body&#8217;s own proteins are eliminated.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Positive_Selection\"><\/span>Positive Selection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Positive selection is a process that favors the proliferation of alleles that contribute to the adaptive fitness of a population. It is the opposite of natural selection, which is a process that favors the proliferation of alleles that lead to the extinction of a population. Positive selection can be caused by a number of factors, including changes in the environment, the introduction of new selective pressures, or the mutation of previously neutral alleles into beneficial alleles.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Negative_Selection\"><\/span>Negative Selection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Negative selection is a process in which cells with deleterious mutations are eliminated from a population. This occurs because the cells with the mutations are less likely to survive and reproduce than the cells without the mutations.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"T-_Cell_Activation\"><\/span>T- Cell Activation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The activation of a T cell involves the stimulation of its TCR, which causes the cell to undergo a series of biochemical changes. The first change is the activation of the cell&#8217;s phosphatases, which removes the phosphate group from many proteins, including the TCR. This allows the TCR to bind to its ligand on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.<\/p>\n<p>Next, the TCR undergoes a conformational change, which allows it to bind to the peptide fragment of the antigen that is bound to the MHC molecule. This interaction between the TCR and the peptide-MHC molecule causes the TCR to become phosphorylated, and this phosphorylation signals the cell to undergo a series of changes that leads to its activation.<\/p>\n<p>The most important change is the induction of the T cell receptor zeta (TCRz) chain, which is a critical component of the TCR that is not expressed until the T cell is activated. The TCRz chain binds to the Zap70 protein, which is a tyrosine kinase that is involved in the activation of the T cell.<\/p>\n<p>The Zap70 protein then phosphorylates the Syk protein, which is also a tyrosine kinase. The Syk protein then phosphorylates a number of other proteins, including the IkB kinase (IKK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These proteins then activate the<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Effector_Cell_and_Their_Function\"><\/span>Types of Effector Cell and Their Function<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are three types of effector cells:<\/p>\n<p>1. Helper cells &#8211; Help to activate the immune response by stimulating other cells.<\/p>\n<p>2. Killer cells &#8211; Destroy viruses and bacteria to protect the body.<\/p>\n<p>3. Memory cells &#8211; Store information about previous infections so the body can respond more quickly the next time an infection occurs.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Downregulation_of_Effector_Cell_Function\"><\/span>Downregulation of Effector Cell Function<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CD4+ T cells are the main cells of the immune system that recognize and destroy pathogens. They also produce cytokines, which are proteins that help regulate the immune system.<\/p>\n<p>Cytokines are important for the activation and function of T cells. T cells that produce high levels of cytokines are called effector T cells. These T cells are able to recognize and destroy pathogens more effectively.<\/p>\n<p>Cytokine production is regulated by a number of factors, including the activity of regulatory T cells. Regulatory T cells produce cytokines that inhibit the activity of effector T cells.<\/p>\n<p>If the number of regulatory T cells increases, it can lead to a decrease in the number of effector T cells and a decrease in cytokine production. This can lead to a decreased ability to fight infection and disease. Effector Cell &#8211; Definition Activation Process Types and Function.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Effector Cells Definition Effector Cell &#8211; Definition Activation Process Types and Function. There are two types of effector cells: T [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Effector Cell - Definition Activation Process Types and Function","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Learn about Effector Cell - Definition Activation Process Types and Function explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com.","custom_permalink":"biology\/effector-cell\/"},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"table_tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Effector Cell - Definition, Activation Process, Types and Function - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about Effector Cell - Definition Activation Process Types and Function explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/biology\/effector-cell\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Effector Cell - 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