{"id":148833,"date":"2022-03-21T09:41:43","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T04:11:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/substitution-reaction-conditions-types-and-examples\/"},"modified":"2024-12-12T10:37:56","modified_gmt":"2024-12-12T05:07:56","slug":"substitution-reaction-conditions-types-and-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/","title":{"rendered":"Substitution Reaction &#8211; Conditions, Types, and Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#What_is_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"What is Substitution Reaction?\">What is Substitution Reaction?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#What_happens_in_a_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"What happens in a Substitution Reaction?\">What happens in a Substitution Reaction?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Substitution_Reaction_Example\" title=\"Substitution Reaction Example\">Substitution Reaction Example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Substitution_Reaction_Conditions\" title=\"Substitution Reaction Conditions\">Substitution Reaction Conditions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Types_of_Substitution_Reactions\" title=\"Types of Substitution Reactions\">Types of Substitution Reactions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#What_are_Nucleophiles\" title=\"What are Nucleophiles?\">What are Nucleophiles?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#What_is_the_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"What is the Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction?\">What is the Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#The_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reaction_Mechanism\" title=\"The Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Mechanism\">The Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Mechanism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#SN2_Reaction_-_Mechanism_of_SN2_Reaction\" title=\"SN2 Reaction \u2013 Mechanism of SN2 Reaction\">SN2 Reaction \u2013 Mechanism of SN2 Reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#SN1_Reaction_-_Mechanism_of_SN1_Reaction\" title=\"SN1 Reaction \u2013 Mechanism of SN1 Reaction\">SN1 Reaction \u2013 Mechanism of SN1 Reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Example_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"Example of Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction:\">Example of Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#What_Are_Electrophiles\" title=\"What Are Electrophiles?\">What Are Electrophiles?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#What_Meant_by_the_Electrophilic_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"What Meant by the Electrophilic Substitution Reaction?\">What Meant by the Electrophilic Substitution Reaction?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Types_of_Electrophilic_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"Types of Electrophilic Substitution Reaction:\">Types of Electrophilic Substitution Reaction:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#1_Electrophilic_addition\" title=\"1. Electrophilic addition:\">1. Electrophilic addition:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#2_Electrophilic_substitution\" title=\"2. Electrophilic substitution:\">2. Electrophilic substitution:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution_Reaction\" title=\"Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction\">Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/#Electrophilic_Aliphatic_Substitution\" title=\"Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution\">Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>What is Substitution Reaction?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/substitution-reaction\/\">substitution reaction<\/a> is a chemical reaction in which one atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. There are two types of substitution reactions: nucleophilic substitution reactions and electrophilic substitution reactions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a leaving group to form a new bond. The nucleophile is typically a negatively charged atom or molecule.<\/li>\n<li>In an electrophilic substitution reaction, an electrophile displaces a nucleophile to form a new bond. However the electrophile is typically a positively charged atom or molecule.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-148832 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/substitution-reaction-conditions-types-and-examples.jpg\" alt=\"Substitution Reaction - Conditions, Types, and Examples\" width=\"606\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/substitution-reaction-conditions-types-and-examples.jpg?v=1647835899 606w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/substitution-reaction-conditions-types-and-examples-300x212.jpg?v=1647835899 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_happens_in_a_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>What happens in a Substitution Reaction?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Substitution_Reaction_Example\"><\/span>Substitution Reaction Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In a substitution reaction, one atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. The most common type of substitution reaction is the S N 2 reaction, in which a molecule is attacked by a nucleophile. In this reaction, the nucleophile displaces an atom or group of atoms from the molecule. For example, in the reaction shown below, the nucleophile (S) attacks the carbon atom in the molecule, displacing the chlorine atom.<\/p>\n<p>The S N 2 reaction is a two-step process. In the first step, the nucleophile attacks the molecule and forms a bond to the carbon atom. In the second step, the bond between the carbon atom and also the chlorine atom is broken, and the chlorine atom replaced by the nucleophile.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Substitution_Reaction_Conditions\"><\/span>Substitution Reaction Conditions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The substitution reaction conditions determine the rate of the reaction, as well as the type of substitution that will occur. The most important factor in setting the substitution reaction conditions is the nature of the reagent that substituted. The most common type of substitution reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which a nucleophile attacks the carbon atom that substituted.<\/p>\n<p>There are a number of factors that can affect the rate of a substitution reaction. The most important factor is the nature of the reagent that substituted. The most common type of substitution reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which a nucleophile attacks the carbon atom that substituted. Other factors that can affect the rate of a substitution reaction include the concentration of the reagents, the temperature of the reaction, and also the presence of solvents or other reagents that can stabilize the transition state of the reaction.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Substitution_Reactions\"><\/span>Types of Substitution Reactions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are three types of substitution reactions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nucleophilic substitution<\/li>\n<li>Electrophilic substitution<\/li>\n<li>Free radical substitution<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_Nucleophiles\"><\/span>What are Nucleophiles?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Nucleophiles atoms or molecules that have a lone pair of electrons and attracted to positively charged atoms or molecules, called nuclei. In particular, they attracted to the nuclei of atoms that have lost one or more electrons, making them positively charged.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>What is the Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The nucleophilic substitution reaction is a type of organic reaction in which a nucleophile displaces a leaving group from a carbon atom. The nucleophile typically a negatively charged atom or molecule, while the leaving group is typically a positive atom or molecule.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reaction_Mechanism\"><\/span>The Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Mechanism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The reaction between an alkyl halide and a nucleophile proceeds via a two-step mechanism:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In the first step, the alkyl halide attacked by the nucleophile, forming a new carbon-carbon bond. This step called the S N 1 reaction.<\/li>\n<li>In the second step, the leaving group ejected from the molecule, and also the newly formed carbon-carbon bond broken. This step called the S N 2 reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SN2_Reaction_-_Mechanism_of_SN2_Reaction\"><\/span>SN2 Reaction \u2013 Mechanism of SN2 Reaction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The SN2 reaction mechanism involves the attack of a nucleophile (Nu) on the carbon atom of a substrate molecule. The Nu displaces the leaving group, which then expelled from the molecule.<\/p>\n<p>The following steps illustrate the SN2 reaction mechanism:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The nucleophile (Nu) attacks the carbon atom of the substrate molecule.<\/li>\n<li>The leaving group displaced from the molecule.<\/li>\n<li>The leaving group expelled from the molecule.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SN1_Reaction_-_Mechanism_of_SN1_Reaction\"><\/span>SN1 Reaction \u2013 Mechanism of SN1 Reaction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction that involves the nucleophilic substitution of an alkyl group by a halide ion. The mechanism of the SN1 reaction involves the attack of the nucleophile on the carbon atom of the alkyl group. This produces a carbocation intermediate that attacked by the halide ion. This produces the final product and also the halide ion eliminated.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>Example of Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The example below shows the substitution of a chloride ion with a bromide ion in a benzene ring. This is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_Electrophiles\"><\/span>What Are Electrophiles?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>An electrophile a molecule that attracted to electrons, and in particular, to electron-deficient atoms or groups of atoms. Electrophiles are therefore able to interact with other molecules by stealing electrons from them, a process known as oxidation.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Meant_by_the_Electrophilic_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>What Meant by the Electrophilic Substitution Reaction?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>An electrophilic substitution reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs when an electron-rich molecule, called an electrophile, reacts with a molecule that has an electron-deficient atom, called a nucleophile. Therefore the electrophile donates an electron to the nucleophile, which forms a new covalent bond between the two molecules.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Electrophilic_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>Types of Electrophilic Substitution Reaction:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Electrophilic_addition\"><\/span>1. Electrophilic addition:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In this type of substitution reaction, a molecule with a double or triple bond attacked by an electrophile, which adds to the molecule. Therefore the result is a single, or multiple, bond between the attacking molecule and the original molecule.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Electrophilic_substitution\"><\/span>2. Electrophilic substitution:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>In this type of substitution reaction, an atom or group of atoms in a molecule attacked by an electrophile, which replaces the atom or group of atoms.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution_Reaction\"><\/span>Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>In electrophilic aromatic substitution, a benzene ring substituted by an electrophile. The electrophile is usually an aromatic ring itself, such as an aryl halide or an aryl sulfonate.<\/li>\n<li>The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction occurs in two steps. The first step is the formation of the electrophile. The second step is the substitution of the electrophile into the benzene ring.<\/li>\n<li>The electrophile usually formed by the reaction of an aromatic ring with an electrophile. For example, the reaction of an aryl halide with an alkali metal produces an aryl cation.<\/li>\n<li>The aryl cation then substituted into the benzene ring. For example, the reaction of an aryl cation with benzene produces phenol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Electrophilic_Aliphatic_Substitution\"><\/span>Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>In electrophilic aliphatic substitution, an electron-rich alkyl group substituted by another alkyl group that is electron-poor. The electron-poor group called the electrophile.<\/li>\n<li>The most common electrophile is the halogen atom. Other electrophiles include the sulfonate ion, the sulfate ion, and the carbanion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Substitution Reaction? A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one atom or group of atoms in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Substitution Reaction - Conditions","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Learn about substitution reaction topic of chemistry in details explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. 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