{"id":149386,"date":"2022-03-21T10:18:17","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T04:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/carboxylic-acid-structure-preparation-properties-and-reactions\/"},"modified":"2024-12-13T18:56:43","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T13:26:43","slug":"carboxylic-acid-structure-preparation-properties-and-reactions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/","title":{"rendered":"Carboxylic Acid &#8211; Structure, Preparation, Properties and Reactions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#What_are_Carboxylic_Acids\" title=\"What are Carboxylic Acids?\">What are Carboxylic Acids?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#Structure_of_Carboxylic_Acid\" title=\"Structure of Carboxylic Acid\">Structure of Carboxylic Acid<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#1_Using_Primary_Alcohols_for_Preparation_of_Carboxylic_Acid\" title=\"1. Using Primary Alcohols for Preparation of Carboxylic Acid\">1. Using Primary Alcohols for Preparation of Carboxylic Acid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#2_Preparation_from_Aldehydes\" title=\"2. Preparation from Aldehydes\">2. Preparation from Aldehydes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#3_Preparation_from_Alkylbenzenesulfonates\" title=\"3. Preparation from Alkylbenzenesulfonates\">3. Preparation from Alkylbenzenesulfonates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#4_Preparation_from_Nitriles\" title=\"4. Preparation from Nitriles\">4. Preparation from Nitriles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#5_Preparation_from_Carbonyl_Compounds\" title=\"5. Preparation from Carbonyl Compounds\">5. Preparation from Carbonyl Compounds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#6_Preparation_of_Amides\" title=\"6. Preparation of Amides\">6. Preparation of Amides<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#7_Preparation_of_Grignard_Reagents\" title=\"7. Preparation of Grignard Reagents\">7. Preparation of Grignard Reagents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#8_From_Acid_Chlorides_to_Alcohols\" title=\"8. From Acid Chlorides to Alcohols\">8. From Acid Chlorides to Alcohols<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#Physical_Properties_of_Carboxylic_Acid\" title=\"Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid\">Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#1_Reaction_with_Metals\" title=\"1. Reaction with Metals\">1. Reaction with Metals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#2_Reaction_with_Other_Acids\" title=\"2. Reaction with Other Acids\">2. Reaction with Other Acids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#3_Reaction_with_Alkalis\" title=\"3. Reaction with Alkalis\">3. Reaction with Alkalis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#4_Reaction_with_Carbonates_and_Bicarbonates\" title=\"4. Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates\">4. Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#5_Formation_of_Acyl_Chlorides\" title=\"5. Formation of Acyl Chlorides\">5. Formation of Acyl Chlorides<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#6_Formation_of_Esters_Esterification\" title=\"6. Formation of Esters (Esterification)\">6. Formation of Esters (Esterification)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#7_Formation_of_Amides_Amide_Formation\" title=\"7. Formation of Amides (Amide Formation)\">7. Formation of Amides (Amide Formation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#8_Formation_of_Amide\" title=\"8. Formation of Amide\">8. Formation of Amide<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#9_Decarboxylation\" title=\"9. Decarboxylation\">9. Decarboxylation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#10_Terpenes\" title=\"10. Terpenes\">10. Terpenes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#10Formation_of_Anhydrides\" title=\"10.Formation of Anhydrides\">10.Formation of Anhydrides<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#11Hell-Volhard_Zelinsky_Reaction\" title=\"11.Hell-Volhard Zelinsky Reaction\">11.Hell-Volhard Zelinsky Reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#12_Friedel_Crafts_Reactions\" title=\"12. Friedel Crafts Reactions\">12. Friedel Crafts Reactions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#13_Isomerization\" title=\"13. Isomerization\">13. Isomerization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/#15_Aromatic_Substitution\" title=\"15. Aromatic Substitution\">15. Aromatic Substitution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_Carboxylic_Acids\"><\/span>What are Carboxylic Acids?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/\">carboxylic<\/a> acid is a molecule with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. The simplest carboxylic acid is formic acid, HCOOH.<\/li>\n<li>Carboxylic acids are prepared by the oxidation of an alcohol. The alcohol is converted to an aldehyde, which is then oxidized to the carboxylic acid.<\/li>\n<li>Carboxylic acids undergo a variety of reactions. The most important reaction is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a alcohol to form an alkene. Carboxylic acids can also react with ammonia to form amides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-149385 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/carboxylic-acid-structure-preparation-properties-and-reactions.jpg\" alt=\"Carboxylic Acid - Structure, Preparation, Properties and Reactions\" width=\"606\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/carboxylic-acid-structure-preparation-properties-and-reactions.jpg?v=1647838091 606w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/carboxylic-acid-structure-preparation-properties-and-reactions-300x212.jpg?v=1647838091 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_of_Carboxylic_Acid\"><\/span>Structure of Carboxylic Acid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A carboxylic acid contains a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom that is double-bonded to an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group. Attached to the carbonyl group is a hydrogen atom and a carboxyl group.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Using_Primary_Alcohols_for_Preparation_of_Carboxylic_Acid\"><\/span>1. Using Primary Alcohols for Preparation of Carboxylic Acid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The first step in preparing a carboxylic acid ester is to react a primary alcohol with an acid chloride in the presence of a base. The acid chloride is an electrophile that attacks the carbon atom in the alcohol that is bonded to the hydroxyl group. This reaction forms an acyl chloride, which is a reactive intermediate.<\/p>\n<p>The acyl chloride then reacts with an alcohol molecule to form the carboxylic acid ester. This reaction is catalyzed by a base, which helps to stabilize the acyl chloride intermediate. The base also helps to prevent the formation of an unwanted by-product, an aldehyde.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Preparation_from_Aldehydes\"><\/span>2. Preparation from Aldehydes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Aldehydes can be converted to ketones by treatment with a strong base, such as sodium hydride. The base abstracts a proton from the aldehyde, resulting in the formation of an enolate ion. The enolate ion can then be attacked by a ketone, resulting in the formation of a ketone and an alcohol.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Preparation_from_Alkylbenzenesulfonates\"><\/span>3. Preparation from Alkylbenzenesulfonates<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The preparation of alkylbenzenesulfonates is illustrated by the following example.<\/p>\n<p>Example<\/p>\n<p>To a mixture of benzene (100 ml) and sulfuric acid (10 ml) at room temperature is added sodium methylbenzenesulfonate (5.0 g, 27.0 mmol). The reaction mixture is then heated to reflux for 16 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to room temperature and the sodium methylbenzenesulfonate is filtered off. The filtrate is then concentrated in vacuo and the residue is chromatographed on silica gel using hexane\/ethyl acetate (9:1) as the eluent to give methylbenzenesulfonate (2.5 g, 26% yield) as a colorless oil.<\/p>\n<p>1H NMR (CDCl 3 ): \u03b4 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.40-1.60 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 3.10 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz), 6.80 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.20-7.40 (m, 5H).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Preparation_from_Nitriles\"><\/span>4. Preparation from Nitriles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nitriles can be reduced to aldehydes with sodium borohydride in aqueous solution.<\/p>\n<p>The aldehyde can then be oxidized to the carboxylic acid with permanganate or chromic acid.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Preparation_from_Carbonyl_Compounds\"><\/span>5. Preparation from Carbonyl Compounds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Aldehydes and ketones can be converted to carboxylic acids by reaction with anhydrous or concentrated sulfuric acid.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Preparation_of_Amides\"><\/span>6. Preparation of Amides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>There are a variety of methods for preparing amides, the most common of which is the reaction of an amine with a carboxylic acid.<\/li>\n<li>This reaction is often catalyzed by a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and usually takes place in an aqueous solvent, such as water or ethanol. The amine and carboxylic acid react to form an amide and water.<\/li>\n<li>Other methods for preparing amides include the reaction of an amine with an acyl chloride or an ester, and the reaction of an imine with a carboxylic acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Preparation_of_Grignard_Reagents\"><\/span>7. Preparation of Grignard Reagents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1-Methyl-3-phenylpropane can be converted to the Grignard reagent methylmagnesium bromide by treatment with magnesium and bromoethane in an ether solvent.<\/p>\n<p>The Grignard reagent is then added to a solution of ketone in an ether solvent, such as diethyl ether, to form the corresponding ketal.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_From_Acid_Chlorides_to_Alcohols\"><\/span>8. From Acid Chlorides to Alcohols<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The conversion of an acid chloride to an alcohol can be accomplished by treating the acid chloride with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The reaction produces an alcohol and sodium chloride.<\/p>\n<p>RCOCl + NaOH \u2192 ROH + NaCl<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_Properties_of_Carboxylic_Acid\"><\/span>Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The carboxylic acid is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in water and miscible with alcohols and ethers.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Reaction_with_Metals\"><\/span>1. Reaction with Metals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The most common reaction of nitric acid is with metals. In this type of reaction, nitric acid reacts with the metal to produce a salt and nitrogen dioxide gas. The salt that is produced can be a variety of different compounds, depending on the metal that was reacted with the nitric acid. Some common compounds that are produced include sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Reaction_with_Other_Acids\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">2. Reaction<\/span> with Other Acids<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nitric acid can also react with other acids to produce a variety of different compounds. When it reacts with sulfuric acid, for example, it produces sulfurous acid and nitrogen dioxide gas. When it reacts with hydrochloric acid, it produces hydrochloric acid and nitrogen dioxide gas.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Reaction_with_Alkalis\"><\/span>3. Reaction with Alkalis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Alkalis react with carbonates to form soluble carbonates and water.<\/p>\n<p>For example, when sodium carbonate is added to a solution of calcium carbonate:<\/p>\n<p>Na 2 CO 3 (aq) + CaCO 3 (s) \u2192 2Na+ (aq) + Ca2+ (aq) + CO 3 2- (aq)<\/p>\n<p>The calcium carbonate dissolves to form calcium ions and carbonate ions.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Reaction_with_Carbonates_and_Bicarbonates\"><\/span>4. Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The reaction of aqueous solutions of carbonates and bicarbonates with aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid is a double replacement reaction.<\/p>\n<p>Na 2 CO 3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) \u2192 2NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)<\/p>\n<p>KHCO 3 (aq) + HCl(aq) \u2192 KCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Formation_of_Acyl_Chlorides\"><\/span>5. Formation of Acyl Chlorides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In the presence of a strong acid, an alcohol can react with a chlorine atom to form an acyl chloride. This is a very important reaction in industry, because acyl chlorides are often used to produce other organic compounds.<\/li>\n<li>For example, the acyl chloride produced from ethyl alcohol and chlorine can be used to produce ethyl chloride, which is a common precursor to PVC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Formation_of_Esters_Esterification\"><\/span>6. Formation of Esters (Esterification)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.<\/li>\n<li>The reaction is reversible, so care must be taken to ensure that the equilibrium is shifted to the right.<\/li>\n<li>This can be done by using a large excess of alcohol, or by using a catalyst that favors the formation of esters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Formation_of_Amides_Amide_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>7. Formation of Amides (Amide Formation)<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In the presence of a strong acid catalyst, amines react with carboxylic acids to form amides.<\/li>\n<li>The reaction is reversible, so care must be taken to ensure that the equilibrium is shifted to the right.<\/li>\n<li>This can be done by using a large excess of amine, or by using a catalyst that favors the formation of amides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Formation_of_Amide\"><\/span>8. Formation of Amide<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The amide I band is formed from the stretching vibration of the amide carbonyl group. The amide I band is located in the region of 1650-1750 cm-1 and is due to the coupling of the carbonyl stretch and the NH stretch. The carbonyl stretch is at 1650 cm-1 and the NH stretch is at 1750 cm-1.<\/p>\n<p>The amide I band is due to the coupling of the C=O stretch and the N-H stretch.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Decarboxylation\"><\/span>9. Decarboxylation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group (COOH) from a molecule. In the cannabis world, it\u2019s a process that\u2019s used to activate the cannabinoids so that they can be absorbed by the body.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Terpenes\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">10. Terpenes<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds that are found in plants. They are responsible for the unique scents and flavors of different plants. In the cannabis world, terpenes are being studied for their potential therapeutic benefits.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10Formation_of_Anhydrides\"><\/span>10.Formation of Anhydrides<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Anhydrides are formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react to form a ester. The carboxylic acid and alcohol both lose a molecule of water to form the anhydride.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the reaction of acetic acid and ethanol produces ethyl acetate, the anhydride of acetic acid.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11Hell-Volhard_Zelinsky_Reaction\"><\/span>11.Hell-Volhard Zelinsky Reaction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Hell-Volhard Zelinsky Reaction is a type of organic reaction that involves the conversion of an aldehyde to an alcohol. The reaction is named after the chemists Moritz Hell and Eduard Volhard, who first described it in 1902, and Vladimir Zelinsky, who developed it into a practical method in the 1930s.<\/p>\n<p>The reaction proceeds via the formation of an enolate ion, which reacts with the aldehyde to produce the alcohol. The enolate ion is formed by the deprotonation of the aldehyde with a strong base, such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Friedel_Crafts_Reactions\"><\/span>12. Friedel Crafts Reactions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In organic chemistry, Friedel Crafts reactions are a set of reactions involving the alkylation or acylation of aromatic rings by means of an electrophile. The Friedel Crafts acylation is the most common of these reactions. The alkylation of benzene with chlorine in the presence of aluminum chloride is a classic Friedel Crafts reaction.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_Isomerization\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">13. Isomerization<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Isomerization is a process that involves the rearrangement of the atoms in a molecule. The most common type of isomerization is the conversion of a single isomer into another isomer of the same molecule. Isomerization reactions can be either reversible or irreversible.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>14. Halogenation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Halogenation is a process that involves the addition of one or more halogens to an organic molecule. The most common type of halogenation reaction is the addition of chlorine to an organic molecule. Chlorination is a very versatile reaction that can be used to produce a wide range of products.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"15_Aromatic_Substitution\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">15. Aromatic Substitution<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Aromatic substitution is a process that involves the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in an aromatic molecule with another atom or group of atoms. The most common type of aromatic substitution reaction is the substitution of a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are Carboxylic Acids? 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