{"id":149887,"date":"2022-03-21T10:51:18","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T05:21:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base\/"},"modified":"2022-04-02T20:31:02","modified_gmt":"2022-04-02T15:01:02","slug":"lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"Lewis Theory &#8211; Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Lewis_Acid_Base_Theory\" title=\"Lewis Acid Base Theory\">Lewis Acid Base Theory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Acids_and_Bases\" title=\"Acids and Bases\">Acids and Bases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Ligands\" title=\"Ligands\">Ligands<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Metals\" title=\"Metals\">Metals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Softness_and_Hardness\" title=\"Softness and Hardness\">Softness and Hardness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Categorization\" title=\"Categorization\">Categorization<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Hard_Acids\" title=\"Hard Acids\">Hard Acids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Hard_Bases\" title=\"Hard Bases\">Hard Bases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Soft_Acids\" title=\"Soft Acids\">Soft Acids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#Soft_Bases\" title=\"Soft Bases\">Soft Bases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lewis_Acid_Base_Theory\"><\/span>Lewis Acid Base Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to Lewis acid base theory, an acid is a substance that can donate a proton (H+) and a base is a substance that can accept a proton. In other words, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-149886 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"606\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg?v=1647840075 606w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base-300x212.jpg?v=1647840075 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span>Acids and Bases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Acids and bases are two different types of chemicals that have different properties. Acids are sour-tasting and have a pH of less than 7, while bases are bitter-tasting and have a pH of greater than 7. Acids are also capable of dissolving metals, while bases are capable of dissolving fats.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ligands\"><\/span>Ligands<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>are molecules that bind to metals to form complexes. The ligands can be atoms, ions, or molecules. In general, the more complex the metal complex, the more ligands it will have.<\/p>\n<p>Ligands can be classified into two groups, primary and secondary. A primary ligand is one that is bonded to the metal at a single site. A secondary ligand is one that is bonded to the metal at more than one site.<\/p>\n<p>Many complexes are symmetrical, meaning that the ligands are arranged around the metal in a symmetrical fashion. However, some complexes are not symmetrical, meaning that the ligands are not arranged around the metal in a symmetrical fashion.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Metals\"><\/span>Metals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>are found on the periodic table in Group IB, which is located in the s-block. Metals are characterized by their shiny appearance, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and their ability to form strong cations. The most common metals are found in Group IA, which includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. These metals are very reactive and are usually found as free elements in nature.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Softness_and_Hardness\"><\/span>Softness and Hardness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There is a fundamental difference between softness and hardness. Softness is the quality of being easily deformed or penetrated, while hardness is the quality of being difficult to deform or penetrate.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Categorization\"><\/span>Categorization<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The term \u201csoul\u201d is used to refer to the spiritual or non-material essence of a person or creature.<\/p>\n<p>In religious contexts, the soul is often thought to be the spiritual or non-physical aspect of a person that survives death.<\/p>\n<p>In philosophical contexts, the soul is often seen as the essence of a person that makes them unique.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hard_Acids\"><\/span>Hard Acids<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A strong acid is a compound that ionizes completely in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and a salt. Some common strong acids are sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and nitric acid (HNO3).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hard_Bases\"><\/span>Hard Bases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Some bases are harder to dissolve in water than others. The harder a base is, the more resistant it is to dissolving in water. This means that it will take a longer time for the base to dissolve in water and that the base will be more likely to remain in its solid form.<\/p>\n<p>Some common bases that are harder to dissolve in water include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Soft_Acids\"><\/span>Soft Acids<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Weak acids are those that dissociate only to a small extent in water. The dissociation of a weak acid can be represented by an equation in which a hydrogen ion (H+) is produced.<\/p>\n<p>HA \u2192 H+ + A-<\/p>\n<p>The acidity of a weak acid is measured by its dissociation constant, Ka. The higher the Ka value, the more dissociated the acid is in water.<\/p>\n<p>The following table lists some common weak acids and their Ka values.<\/p>\n<p>Acid Ka Acetic acid 1.8 x 10-5 Propionic acid 2.3 x 10-5 Butyric acid 4.8 x 10-7<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Soft_Bases\"><\/span>Soft Bases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The soft bases are a group of compounds that have a carbon-carbon double bond in the alkyl group. The general structure of a soft base is RC\u2261CR&#8217;. The most common soft base is tetrahydrofuran (THF).<\/p>\n<p>The soft base group has a high electron-donating ability, which makes them good nucleophiles. They are also good at solvating polar molecules, which makes them good at dissolving in water. Soft bases are often used in organic synthesis to create new molecules.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lewis Acid Base Theory According to Lewis acid base theory, an acid is a substance that can donate a proton [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Lewis Theory - Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Learn about lewis theory topic of Chemistry in detail explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. Register free for online tutoring session to clear your doubts.","custom_permalink":"chemistry\/lewis-theory\/"},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"table_tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Lewis Theory - Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about lewis theory topic of Chemistry in detail explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. Register free for online tutoring session to clear your doubts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lewis Theory - Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about lewis theory topic of Chemistry in detail explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. Register free for online tutoring session to clear your doubts.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-03-21T05:21:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-02T15:01:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@InfinityLearn_\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@InfinityLearn_\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"vipin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Lewis Theory - Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","description":"Learn about lewis theory topic of Chemistry in detail explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. Register free for online tutoring session to clear your doubts.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Lewis Theory - Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","og_description":"Learn about lewis theory topic of Chemistry in detail explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. Register free for online tutoring session to clear your doubts.","og_url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/","og_site_name":"Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya\/","article_published_time":"2022-03-21T05:21:18+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-04-02T15:01:02+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@InfinityLearn_","twitter_site":"@InfinityLearn_","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"vipin","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#organization","name":"Infinity Learn","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/infinitylearn_by_srichaitanya\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/infinity-learn-by-sri-chaitanya\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/InfinityLearnEdu","https:\/\/twitter.com\/InfinityLearn_"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"","contentUrl":"","caption":"Infinity Learn"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#website","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/","name":"Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","description":"Surge","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg?v=1647840075","contentUrl":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg?v=1647840075","width":606,"height":428},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/","name":"Lewis Theory - Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2022-03-21T05:21:18+00:00","dateModified":"2022-04-02T15:01:02+00:00","description":"Learn about lewis theory topic of Chemistry in detail explained by subject experts on infinitylearn.com. Register free for online tutoring session to clear your doubts.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Lewis Theory &#8211; Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base"}]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#webpage"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#\/schema\/person\/d931698bc4645b2739855720864f30e2"},"headline":"Lewis Theory &#8211; Explanation, Categorization, Hard Acid and Hard Base","datePublished":"2022-03-21T05:21:18+00:00","dateModified":"2022-04-02T15:01:02+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#webpage"},"wordCount":658,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/lewis-theory\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/lewis-theory-explanation-categorization-hard-acid-and-hard-base.jpg","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#\/schema\/person\/d931698bc4645b2739855720864f30e2","name":"vipin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9a84adf9d11e7ad01332089c3e52538?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9a84adf9d11e7ad01332089c3e52538?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"vipin"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/surge.infinitylearn.com"],"url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/author\/vipin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149887"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=149887"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149887\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=149887"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=149887"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=149887"},{"taxonomy":"table_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/table_tags?post=149887"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}