{"id":150326,"date":"2022-03-21T11:19:52","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T05:49:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/dehydration-of-alcohol-mechanism-alcohol-dehydration-reaction\/"},"modified":"2024-02-23T15:52:45","modified_gmt":"2024-02-23T10:22:45","slug":"dehydration-of-alcohol-mechanism-alcohol-dehydration-reaction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/","title":{"rendered":"Dehydration of Alcohol &#8211; Mechanism | Alcohol Dehydration Reaction"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Dehydration_of_Alcohol_Mechanism\" title=\"Dehydration of Alcohol Mechanism\">Dehydration of Alcohol Mechanism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Dehydration_can_be_performed_in_a_3-step_mechanism\" title=\"Dehydration can be performed in a 3-step mechanism:\">Dehydration can be performed in a 3-step mechanism:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Mechanism_of_Dehydration_of_Alcohols\" title=\"Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohols\">Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohols<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Alcohol_Dehydration_Reaction\" title=\"Alcohol Dehydration Reaction\">Alcohol Dehydration Reaction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#A_Protonated_Primary_Alcohol_Alkene\" title=\"A Protonated Primary Alcohol (Alkene)\">A Protonated Primary Alcohol (Alkene)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Alcohol_Dehydration_Mechanism_with_Example\" title=\"Alcohol Dehydration Mechanism with Example\">Alcohol Dehydration Mechanism with Example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Secondary_Alcohol_Dehydration\" title=\"Secondary Alcohol Dehydration\">Secondary Alcohol Dehydration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Tertiary_Alcohol_Dehydration\" title=\"Tertiary Alcohol Dehydration\">Tertiary Alcohol Dehydration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/dehydration-of-alcohols\/#Dehydration_of_Primary_Secondary_and_Tertiary_Alcohols\" title=\"Dehydration of Primary Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols\">Dehydration of Primary Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dehydration_of_Alcohol_Mechanism\"><\/span>Dehydration of Alcohol Mechanism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Dehydration of alcohol is a process used to produce ethanol. In this process, an alcohol is heated with a dehydrating agent, such as sulfuric acid. The dehydration agent removes water from the alcohol, leaving behind ethanol.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 240px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">S.NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">CONTENT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">INTRODUCTION<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">3-STEP MECHANISM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">MECHANISM OF DEHYDRATION<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">PRIMARY ALCHOHOL DEHYDRATION<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">SECONDARY ALCOHOL DEHYDRATION<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">TERTIARY ALCHOHOL DEHYDRATION<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\">DEHYDRATION OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY ALCOHOLS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dehydration_can_be_performed_in_a_3-step_mechanism\"><\/span>Dehydration can be performed in a 3-step mechanism:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>1. The first step in dehydration of alcohols is the breaking of the C-O-H bond, which is catalyzed by a dehydrating agent. This step yields an alkene and water.<\/p>\n<p>2. The second step is the removal of the hydrogen atom from the alkene, which is catalyzed by a dehydrating agent. This step yields an alkane and water.<\/p>\n<p>3. The third step is the removal of the water molecule, which is catalyzed by a dehydrating agent. This step yields an alkane.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mechanism_of_Dehydration_of_Alcohols\"><\/span>Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohols<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Dehydration of alcohols is a reaction in which an alcohol is converted into a ketone or aldehyde. The reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid. The mechanism of the reaction is as follows:<\/p>\n<p>The acid protonates the alcohol, creating a carbocation. The carbocation then reacts with water to form a ketone or aldehyde.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alcohol_Dehydration_Reaction\"><\/span>Alcohol Dehydration Reaction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The dehydration reaction of alcohols is a substitution reaction in which an alcohol is converted into an alkyl halide. The mechanism involves the removal of a water molecule from the alcohol molecule.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Protonated_Primary_Alcohol_Alkene\"><\/span>A Protonated Primary Alcohol (Alkene)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In this example, the protonated primary alcohol is an alkene.<\/p>\n<p>The protonated primary alcohol has the molecular formula CH 3 CH=CHCH 3 . It is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is soluble in water and ethanol.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alcohol_Dehydration_Mechanism_with_Example\"><\/span>Alcohol Dehydration Mechanism with Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach and small intestine. The alcohol is then transported to the liver, where it is broken down (metabolized) into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the acetaldehyde is further broken down into harmless water and carbon dioxide. However, a small amount of acetaldehyde is converted into a harmful chemical called acetic acid.<\/p>\n<p>Acetic acid is toxic to the body and can damage organs, including the liver. It can also cause dehydration, which can lead to a number of health problems, including liver damage, heart problems, and brain damage.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Secondary_Alcohol_Dehydration\"><\/span>Secondary Alcohol Dehydration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The dehydration of secondary alcohols to ketones is catalyzed by acid. In general, the reaction is favored by a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, and is reversible. The dehydration of a secondary alcohol to a ketone proceeds via an enol intermediate.<\/p>\n<p>The enol intermediate is stabilized by resonance, which results in a decrease in the energy of the transition state. This makes the dehydration of a secondary alcohol to a ketone more favorable than the dehydration of a primary alcohol to a ketone.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tertiary_Alcohol_Dehydration\"><\/span>Tertiary Alcohol Dehydration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Tertiary alcohols can be dehydrated to ketones using acid catalysts, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The dehydration reaction is shown below.<\/p>\n<p>The ketone can then be reduced to an alcohol using a reducing agent, such as lithium aluminium hydride (LAH), as shown below.<\/p>\n<p>This reduction reaction can also be used to convert a ketone to an alcohol.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dehydration_of_Primary_Secondary_and_Tertiary_Alcohols\"><\/span>Dehydration of Primary Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The dehydration of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols can be achieved through the use of various dehydrating agents, including sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and boron trifluoride.<\/p>\n<p>The dehydration of a primary alcohol can be accomplished by passing the alcohol over a heated catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. In the presence of a dehydrating agent, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon adjacent to the hydroxyl group are removed, forming a carbonyl group.<\/p>\n<p>The dehydration of a secondary alcohol can be accomplished by passing the alcohol over a heated catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. In the presence of a dehydrating agent, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon two carbons away from the hydroxyl group are removed, forming a ketone.<\/p>\n<p>The dehydration of a tertiary alcohol can be accomplished by passing the alcohol over a heated catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. In the presence of a dehydrating agent, the hydrogen atoms on the carbon three carbons away from the hydroxyl group are removed, forming an aldehyde.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dehydration of Alcohol Mechanism Dehydration of alcohol is a process used to produce ethanol. In this process, an alcohol is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Dehydration of Alcohol - Mechanism | Alcohol Dehydration Reaction","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"When alcohol reacts with protic acids it tends to lose a molecule of water in order to form alkenes. These reactions are generally known as dehydration of alcohols. 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