{"id":151163,"date":"2022-03-21T12:13:29","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T06:43:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/colligative-properties-relative-lowering-of-vapour-pressure-and-derivation-of-roults-law\/"},"modified":"2025-07-24T11:51:32","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T06:21:32","slug":"colligative-properties-relative-lowering-of-vapour-pressure-and-derivation-of-roults-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/","title":{"rendered":"Colligative Properties | Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure and Derivation of Roults law"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Colligative_Properties\" title=\"Colligative Properties\">Colligative Properties<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Colligative_Properties_of_a_Solution_Include\" title=\"Colligative Properties of a Solution Include\">Colligative Properties of a Solution Include<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Relative_Lowering_of_Vapour_Pressure\" title=\"Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure\">Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Mathematically_Raoults_Law_can_be_Expressed_in_the_Form\" title=\"Mathematically Raoult\u2019s Law can be Expressed in the Form:\">Mathematically Raoult\u2019s Law can be Expressed in the Form:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Derivation_of_Raoults_Law\" title=\"Derivation of Raoult&#8217;s Law\">Derivation of Raoult&#8217;s Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Ideal_Solutions_and_Deviations_From_Raoults_Law\" title=\"Ideal Solutions and Deviations From Raoult\u2019s Law\">Ideal Solutions and Deviations From Raoult\u2019s Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Determination_of_Molecular_Mass_From_Vapour_Pressure_Lowering\" title=\"Determination of Molecular Mass From Vapour Pressure Lowering\">Determination of Molecular Mass From Vapour Pressure Lowering<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Measurement_of_Lowering_of_Vapour_Pressure\" title=\"Measurement of Lowering of Vapour Pressure\">Measurement of Lowering of Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Ostwald_and_Walkers_Dynamic_Method_Gas_Saturation_Method\" title=\"Ostwald and Walker\u2019s Dynamic Method (Gas Saturation Method):\">Ostwald and Walker\u2019s Dynamic Method (Gas Saturation Method):<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#What_are_Colligative_Properties\" title=\"What are Colligative Properties?\">What are Colligative Properties?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Colligative_Properties_Examples\" title=\"Colligative Properties Examples\">Colligative Properties Examples<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#Various_Types_of_Colligative_Properties_of_Solution\" title=\"Various Types of Colligative Properties of Solution\">Various Types of Colligative Properties of Solution<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#1_Bringing_Down_of_Vapor_Pressure\" title=\"1. Bringing Down of Vapor Pressure\">1. Bringing Down of Vapor Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#2_Height_in_Boiling_Point\" title=\"2. Height in Boiling Point\">2. Height in Boiling Point<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#3_Sadness_in_Freezing_Point\" title=\"3. Sadness in Freezing Point\">3. Sadness in Freezing Point<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/#4_Osmotic_Pressure\" title=\"4. Osmotic Pressure\">4. Osmotic Pressure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colligative_Properties\"><\/span>Colligative Properties<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In chemistry, <a href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/chemistry\/colligative-properties\/\">colligative properties<\/a> are properties that depend on the relative concentration of solute particles in a solution, but not on the nature of the solute particles. In other words, colligative properties are properties that depend on the number of solute particles, not on their chemical nature. The most important colligative property is vapor pressure lowering.<\/p>\n<p>Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid or solid, the more easily it will vaporize. Vapor pressure is directly proportional to the temperature of the liquid or solid.<\/p>\n<p>When a solute is dissolved in a liquid, the vapor pressure of the liquid decreases. This is because the addition of the solute particles to the liquid decreases the number of vapor molecules in contact with the liquid surface. This decrease in vapor pressure is called vapor pressure lowering.<\/p>\n<p>The vapor pressure lowering of a solution is directly proportional to the number of solute particles in the solution. For example, if you dissolve twice as much sugar in a glass of water, the vapor pressure of the water will be lowered by twice as much.<\/p>\n<p>The vapor pressure lowering of a solution can be used to calculate the boiling point of the solution. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. When you dissolve a solute in a liquid, the boiling point of the liquid increases. This increase in boiling<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-151162 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/colligative-properties-relative-lowering-of-vapour-pressure-and-derivation-of-roults-law.jpg\" alt=\"Colligative Properties | Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure and Derivation of Roults law\" width=\"606\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/colligative-properties-relative-lowering-of-vapour-pressure-and-derivation-of-roults-law.jpg?v=1647969027 606w, https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/colligative-properties-relative-lowering-of-vapour-pressure-and-derivation-of-roults-law-300x212.jpg?v=1647969027 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colligative_Properties_of_a_Solution_Include\"><\/span>Colligative Properties of a Solution Include<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The colligative properties of a solution are its freezing point, boiling point, osmotic pressure, and vapor pressure. These properties are all affected by the number of solute particles in the solution. The more solute particles in a solution, the higher its freezing point, boiling point, osmotic pressure, and vapor pressure.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relative_Lowering_of_Vapour_Pressure\"><\/span>Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The vapour pressure of a liquid is lowered when it is mixed with another liquid. The reason for this is that the vapour pressure of a liquid is a measure of the tendency of the molecules of the liquid to escape into the surrounding air. When two liquids are mixed, the molecules of each liquid will come into contact with the molecules of the other liquid. This will result in the formation of molecules that are a combination of the two liquids. These molecules will have a lower vapour pressure than the molecules of either of the two liquids that formed them.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mathematically_Raoults_Law_can_be_Expressed_in_the_Form\"><\/span>Mathematically Raoult\u2019s Law can be Expressed in the Form:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>P = \u03c1RT<\/p>\n<p>Where,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P is the Vapor Pressure<\/li>\n<li>\u03c1 is the Density of the Vapor<\/li>\n<li>R is the Universal Gas Constant<\/li>\n<li>T is the Temperature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Derivation_of_Raoults_Law\"><\/span>Derivation of Raoult&#8217;s Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The derivation of Raoult&#8217;s law is as follows:<\/p>\n<p>The vapor pressure of a pure liquid is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation as<\/p>\n<p>where<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P is the vapor pressure of the liquid<\/li>\n<li>R is the universal gas constant<\/li>\n<li>T is the temperature<\/li>\n<li>\u0394H is the enthalpy of vaporization<\/li>\n<li>From the ideal gas law,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>where<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>n is the number of moles of gas<\/li>\n<li>V is the volume of the gas<\/li>\n<li>P is the pressure of the gas<\/li>\n<li>R is the universal gas constant<\/li>\n<li>T is the temperature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ideal_Solutions_and_Deviations_From_Raoults_Law\"><\/span>Ideal Solutions and Deviations From Raoult\u2019s Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The vapor pressure of a pure liquid is always greater than the vapor pressure of the same liquid when it is mixed with an ideal gas.<\/li>\n<li>The vapor pressure of a mixture is always less than the vapor pressure of the pure liquids.<\/li>\n<li>The vapor pressure of a mixture is always greater than the vapor pressure of the ideal gas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Determination_of_Molecular_Mass_From_Vapour_Pressure_Lowering\"><\/span>Determination of Molecular Mass From Vapour Pressure Lowering<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The molecular mass of a compound can be determined from the vapour pressure lowering of the compound. The higher the molecular mass of a compound, the more it will weigh and the higher the vapour pressure. The lower the vapour pressure, the more condensed the molecules are and the higher the molecular mass.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measurement_of_Lowering_of_Vapour_Pressure\"><\/span>Measurement of Lowering of Vapour Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The vapour pressure of a liquid can be lowered by adding a solid that has a higher vapour pressure. The solid will sublime, or change from a solid to a gas, and the vapour pressure of the liquid will be lowered as a result.<\/p>\n<p>The apparatus used to measure the lowering of vapour pressure is shown in the diagram below.<\/p>\n<p>The liquid is placed in the beaker and the solid is placed on the wire gauze. The wire gauze is then heated with the Bunsen burner. The vapour pressure of the liquid will be lowered as the solid sublime.<\/p>\n<p>The apparatus can be used to measure the vapour pressure of a liquid before and after the addition of a solid. The difference in the two readings will be the result of the lowering of the vapour pressure.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ostwald_and_Walkers_Dynamic_Method_Gas_Saturation_Method\"><\/span>Ostwald and Walker\u2019s Dynamic Method (Gas Saturation Method):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This equation is used to calculate gas saturation in porous media.<\/p>\n<p>formula_1<\/p>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<p>formula_2 is the gas saturation<\/p>\n<p>formula_3 is the porosity<\/p>\n<p>formula_4 is the gas permeability<\/p>\n<p>formula_5 is the gas viscosity<\/p>\n<p>formula_6 is the gas density<\/p>\n<p>The Ostwald and Walker dynamic method is a more general version of the Kozeny-Carman equation. It accounts for the effects of gas viscosity and density on gas saturation.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_Colligative_Properties\"><\/span>What are Colligative Properties?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Colligative properties are the properties of a solution that are not due to the chemical nature of the solute, but to the number of solute particles present.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colligative_Properties_Examples\"><\/span>Colligative Properties Examples<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Solution Properties<\/p>\n<p>A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The properties of a solution depend on the nature of the substances dissolved in it and on the relative amounts of each substance.<\/p>\n<p>The following are some general properties of solutions:<\/p>\n<p>1. Solutions are generally more soluble than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<p>2. Solutions are more dense than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<p>3. Solutions are more viscous than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<p>4. Solutions are more volatile than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<p>5. Solutions are more stable than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<p>6. Solutions are more acidic than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<p>7. Solutions are more alkaline than the substances that make them up.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Various_Types_of_Colligative_Properties_of_Solution\"><\/span>Various Types of Colligative Properties of Solution<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The following are the types of colligative properties of solution:<\/p>\n<p>1. Boiling Point Elevation<\/p>\n<p>2. Freezing Point Depression<\/p>\n<p>3. Vapor Pressure Depression<\/p>\n<p>4. Osmotic Pressure<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Bringing_Down_of_Vapor_Pressure\"><\/span>1. Bringing Down of Vapor Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid, the greater the tendency of the liquid to evaporate.<\/p>\n<p>A high vapor pressure is usually associated with a low boiling point. For example, the vapor pressure of water at room temperature is much higher than the vapor pressure of mercury. This is why water boils at a lower temperature than mercury.<\/p>\n<p>One way to reduce the vapor pressure of a liquid is to lower its temperature. This is why liquids with high vapor pressures are often stored in refrigerators. Another way to reduce the vapor pressure is to increase the surface area of the liquid. This is why liquids are often stored in bottles with small openings.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Height_in_Boiling_Point\"><\/span>2. Height in Boiling Point<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.<\/p>\n<p>The higher the boiling point of a liquid, the greater the vapor pressure of the liquid.<\/p>\n<p>3. Vapor Pressure<\/p>\n<p>The vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure of the vapor of the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid.<\/p>\n<p>The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid, the greater the tendency of the liquid to vaporize.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Sadness_in_Freezing_Point\"><\/span>3. Sadness in Freezing Point<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The manga features a lot of sadness, but the saddest scene in my opinion is when Tohru visits Kyo&#8217;s house and finds out that he has been frozen. It is heartbreaking to see her cry and mourn for him.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Osmotic_Pressure\"><\/span>4. Osmotic Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure that is necessary to prevent the diffusion of solvent molecules into a solution of solute molecules. The osmotic pressure of a solution is determined by the number of solute molecules in the solution and the size of the solute molecules. The osmotic pressure of a solution increases as the number of solute molecules in the solution increases and as the size of the solute molecules increases.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Colligative Properties In chemistry, colligative properties are properties that depend on the relative concentration of solute particles in a solution, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Colligative Properties","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Colligative Properties: Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure & Derivation","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Colligative properties are properties that depend on relative concentration of solute particles in a solution.","custom_permalink":"chemistry\/colligative-properties\/"},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"table_tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - 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