{"id":22816,"date":"2022-01-14T18:33:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-14T13:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=22816"},"modified":"2024-01-03T14:34:27","modified_gmt":"2024-01-03T09:04:27","slug":"current-electricity-class-12-notes-chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-materials\/current-electricity\/class-12-notes\/chapter-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Electricity Class 12 Notes Chapter 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-materials\/current-electricity\/class-12-notes\/chapter-3\/#Current_Electricity_Class_12_Notes_Chapter_3\" title=\"Current Electricity Class 12 Notes Chapter 3\">Current Electricity Class 12 Notes Chapter 3<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-materials\/current-electricity\/class-12-notes\/chapter-3\/#For_more_information_on_Current_Electricity_watch_the_below_videos\" title=\"For more information on Current Electricity, watch the below videos\">For more information on Current Electricity, watch the below videos<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Electricity_Class_12_Notes_Chapter_3\"><\/span>Current Electricity Class 12 Notes Chapter 3<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>1. The directed rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-section of a conductor is known as <strong>electric current.<\/strong><br \/>\nIf \u2206Q charge flows in time \u2206t, then-current at any time t is<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32433451710_921c644bb1_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-1\" width=\"664\" height=\"116\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> Current is a scalar quantity.<br \/>\nI am in the direction of flow of positive charge and opposite to the direction of flow of negative charge.<br \/>\nSI unit of current is ampere and is represented by A.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32660589512_aca5e02993_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-2\" width=\"234\" height=\"60\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"For_more_information_on_Current_Electricity_watch_the_below_videos\"><\/span>For more information on Current Electricity, watch the below videos<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_3MDHBZHWiA?si=GYpaPzZNxU86Lo9T\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.<\/strong> The current density at a point in a conductor is the ratio of the current at that point in the conductor to the area of cross-section of the conductor at that point provided the area is held normal to the direction of flow of current.<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32433451510_a7ddd31f45_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-3\" width=\"543\" height=\"44\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> Current density is a vector quantity.<br \/>\n<strong>3. Flow of Electric Charge in Metallic Conductors<\/strong> Among the solids, all metals are good conductors of electricity. The cause of conductance is free electrons.<br \/>\n<strong>In the Case of a Solid Conductor<\/strong> (i.e. Cu, Fe, Ag, etc) atoms are tightly bound to each other. There is a large number of free electrons in them.<br \/>\n<strong>In the Case of a Liquid Conductor<\/strong> Like an electrolytic solution, there are positive and negative charged ions that can move on applying an electric field.<br \/>\n<strong>4. Drift Velocity<\/strong> It is defined as the average velocity with which the free electrons move towards the positive end of a conductor under the influence of an external electric field applied.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32433451490_ca6a525090_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-4\" width=\"529\" height=\"102\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>5.<\/strong> Electric current in terms of drift velocity<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32433451400_e0e2728689_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-5\" width=\"547\" height=\"74\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>6. Current density<\/strong> at any point of conductor,<br \/>\nj = needed<sub>d<\/sub><br \/>\nwhere, j is a vector quantity.<br \/>\n<strong>7. Mobility<\/strong> The ratio of the drift velocity of electrons and the applied electric field is known as mobility.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32433451290_4fbecef502_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-6\" width=\"378\" height=\"71\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>8. Ohm\u2019s Law<\/strong> At constant temperature, the potential difference V across the ends of a given metallic wire (conductor) in a circuit (electric) is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32690750521_4863277dbf_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-7\" width=\"57\" height=\"26\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32660589042_088907187e_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-8\" width=\"155\" height=\"133\" \/><br \/>\nThe variation of current w.r.t. applied potential difference is shown with the help of the following graph.<br \/>\nV = IR<br \/>\nwhere R = resistance of the conductor<br \/>\nNo effect of V and I on R because as V increases, I increase but R remains the same.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9. Resistance<\/strong> of a Conductor Mathematically, it is the ratio of the potential difference applied across the ends of the conductor to the current flowing through it.<br \/>\n=&gt; R = V\/I<br \/>\nSI unit is the ohm (\u2126).<br \/>\nResistance can also be written as,<br \/>\nR =\u03c1 L\/A<br \/>\nwhere, L = length of the conductor, A = area of cross-section and \u03c1 = constant, known as the resistivity of the material. It depends upon the nature of the material.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10. Relationship<\/strong> between resistivity and relaxation time<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32660589022_ae85b98538_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-9\" width=\"712\" height=\"310\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>12. Temperature Coefficient<\/strong> of resistance is given by<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32773246526_5f952d8583_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-10\" width=\"144\" height=\"50\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>13. Conductivity<\/strong> It is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity of a conductor.<br \/>\nIt is expressed as, \u03c3 = 1\/\u03c1<br \/>\nSI unit is mho per metre (\u2126-1\/ m).<\/p>\n<p><strong>14. Superconductivity<\/strong> The resistivity of certain metals or alloy drops to zero when they are cooled below a certain temperature is called superconductivity. It was observed by Prof. Kamerlingh in 1911.<\/p>\n<p><strong>15. Relationship<\/strong> between current density (j), electric field (E)and conductivity (\u03c3 ) is<br \/>\nj = \u03c3 E<\/p>\n<p><strong>16. Some Important Units<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31999756553_9e68b625b5_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-11\" width=\"452\" height=\"117\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>17<\/strong>. If a conductor is stretched or compresses to n times of original length, then<br \/>\nI&#8217;d = NL =&gt; R\u2019 = n<sup>2<\/sup>R<br \/>\nwhere, R\u2019 = new resistance and R = original resistance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>18. Colour Code of Resistance<\/strong> The colour code on the carbon resistor remains in the form of coaxial rings.<br \/>\nThe first band represents the first significant figure, the second band represents the second significant figure and the third band represents the multiplier (i.e. the power of ten). The fourth band represents tolerance.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32690750001_3bc29e5e97_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-12\" width=\"672\" height=\"269\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>19. Combinations of Resistance<\/strong> There are two types of resistance combinations.<br \/>\n(i) Series Combination In this combination, different resistances are connected end to end.<br \/>\nEquivalent resistance can be obtained as the formula,<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31999756353_0a61de0c21_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-13\" width=\"269\" height=\"70\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> The total resistance in the series combination is more than the greatest resistance in the circuit.<br \/>\n(ii) Parallel Combination In this combination, the first end of all the resistances are connected to one point and the last end of all the resistances are connected to another point. Equivalent resistance can be obtained by the formula<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31999756273_1b7cb6ab68_o.png\" alt=\"current-electricity-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-14\" width=\"264\" height=\"201\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> The total resistance in parallel combination is less than the least resistance of the circuit.<br \/>\n<strong>20.<\/strong> If n identical resistors each of resistance r are connected in<br \/>\n(i) series combination, R<sub>eq<\/sub> = nr<br \/>\n(ii) parallel combination, R<sub>eq<\/sub> = r\/n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Current Electricity Class 12 Notes Chapter 3 1. 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