{"id":22898,"date":"2022-01-25T10:40:35","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T05:10:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=22898"},"modified":"2022-02-08T18:00:44","modified_gmt":"2022-02-08T12:30:44","slug":"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-class-12-notes-chapter-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/cbse-notes\/physics\/ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-class-12-notes-chapter-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Class 12 Notes Chapter 9"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Class 12 Notes Chapter 9<\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Ray Optics or Geometrical Optics<\/strong> In this optics, the light is considered as a ray which travels in a straight line. It states that for each and every object, there is an image.<br \/>\n<strong>2. Reflection<\/strong> Reflection is the phenomenon of changing the path of light without any change in the medium.<br \/>\n<strong>3. Reflection of Light<\/strong> The returning back of light in the same medium from which it has come after striking a surface is called reflection of light.<br \/>\n<strong>4. Laws of Reflection<\/strong><br \/>\nTwo laws of reflection are given as below:<br \/>\n(i) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r.<br \/>\ni.e. \u2220i = \u2220r.<br \/>\n(ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32777039326_075e5b3a49_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-1\" width=\"255\" height=\"155\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>5.<\/strong> Total number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle \u03b8 with each other is given by<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664290382_f0f4408846_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-2\" width=\"428\" height=\"102\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>6. Reflecting surface<\/strong> of a spherical mirror is a part of a hollow sphere. Spherical mirrors are of two types, (i) Concave spherical mirror (ii) Convex spherical mirror.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664290342_0b9be3585d_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-3\" width=\"253\" height=\"158\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>7. Sign Convention<\/strong> All measurements should be taken from pole of mirror. All measurements along the direction of incident ray will be positive and opposite to incident ray are negative. All the measurements for the distances above the principal axis are taken as positive and below the principal axis are taken as negative.<br \/>\n<strong>8.<\/strong> For a real object, u is negative whereas v is negative for real image and positive for virtual image.<br \/>\n<strong>9. Mirror Formula<\/strong> Mirror formula is a relation between focal length of the mirror and distances of objects and image from the mirror.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32777039176_29d786437f_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-4\" width=\"702\" height=\"185\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>11. Linear Magnification<\/strong> The ratio of the size of the image formed by a spherical mirror I to the size of the object O is called the linear magnification produced by the spherical mirror.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974892164_15b503811d_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-5\" width=\"468\" height=\"76\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>12. Magnification<\/strong> (m) It is negative corresponding to real image and positive for virtual image.<br \/>\n<strong>13. Refraction<\/strong> The phenomenon of changing in the path of light as it goes from one medium to another is called refraction.<br \/>\n<strong>14. Laws of Refraction<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664290232_66a089fd93_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-6\" width=\"269\" height=\"172\" \/><br \/>\nTwo laws of refraction are given as below:<br \/>\n(i) The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.<br \/>\n(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the two given media. This constant is denoted by n and is called the <strong>relative refractive index.<\/strong><br \/>\nn = sin i\/sin r (Snell\u2019s law)<br \/>\nwhere, n is refractive index of the second medium when first medium is air.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32003485883_e1fcaae14d_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-7\" width=\"711\" height=\"262\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>17. Total Internal Reflection<\/strong> (TIR) When a ray of light travelling from denser medium to rarer medium is incident at the interface of two medium at an angle greater than the critical angle for the two media, the ray is totally reflected back to denser medium. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. It occurs only when angle of incidence in denser medium is greater (not equal) than critical angle, i.e. i&gt; i<sub>c<\/sub>.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664290152_899e3f6572_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-8\" width=\"140\" height=\"109\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>18. Principle of reversibility<\/strong> of light states that when final path of a ray of light after any number of reflections and refractions is reversed, the ray retraces its entire path.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664290082_679e3572b2_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-9\" width=\"238\" height=\"55\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664290032_d192b660fc_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-10\" width=\"702\" height=\"418\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>22.<\/strong> Optical fibre, mirage, sparkling of diamond, totally reflecting prism, etc. work on the principle of total internal reflection.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974891754_83d3cc4494_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-11\" width=\"719\" height=\"213\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>24. Lens<\/strong> is a transparent medium bounded by two surfaces of which one or both surfaces are spherical.<br \/>\n<strong>(i) Convex or Converging Lens<\/strong> A lens which is thicker at the centre and thinner at its end is called convex lens.<br \/>\nConvex lenses are of three types which are given as below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289872_dc8fc0c508_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-12\" width=\"322\" height=\"151\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>(ii) Concave or Diverging Lens<\/strong> A lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at its ends is called a concave lens.<br \/>\nConcave lenses are of three types which are given as below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289782_563677ff33_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-13\" width=\"304\" height=\"154\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>25. Lens maker\u2019s formula<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974891524_69b8f70c37_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-14\" width=\"571\" height=\"99\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>26.<\/strong> When lens of refractive index \u03bc is immersed in a medium of refractive index \u03bc, then<br \/>\n(i) When lens is taken in another medium, then focal length changes to f<sub>m<\/sub> which is given by<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974891384_3f260c0471_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-15\" width=\"728\" height=\"465\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289592_d16f690083_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-16\" width=\"685\" height=\"142\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>28. Power of Lens<\/strong> The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays of light incident on it is called the power of the lens.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974891214_0b6a1918e0_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-17\" width=\"371\" height=\"78\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>29.<\/strong> Power of combination lenses in contact is given by<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289502_702274ee60_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-18\" width=\"184\" height=\"87\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>30.<\/strong> Magnification by combination of lenses<br \/>\nm = m<sub>1<\/sub> \u00d7 m<sub>2<\/sub> \u00d7 m<sub>3<\/sub> \u2026\u2026\u2026..<br \/>\n<strong>31.<\/strong> (i) Prism have got the property of bending the incident light towards its base.<br \/>\nA prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each other at a suitable angle.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974890994_7692363957_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-19\" width=\"196\" height=\"171\" \/><br \/>\n(ii) When the prism is adjusted at angle of minimum deviation, then<br \/>\n(a) angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289402_1d6448af6d_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-20\" width=\"561\" height=\"71\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>31.<\/strong> Dispersion by a Prism The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colours is known as dispersion.<br \/>\nAngular Dispersion Angular dispersion produced by a prism for white light is the difference in the angles of deviation for two extreme colours i.e. violet and red.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974890864_3d8842d190_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-21\" width=\"319\" height=\"161\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289382_c7fa1fec44_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-22\" width=\"347\" height=\"77\" \/><br \/>\nDispersive Power Dispersive power of a prism is defined as the ratio of angular dispersion to the mean deviation produced by the prism.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974890724_3e08978c27_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-23\" width=\"518\" height=\"110\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>33.<\/strong> Combining two thin prisms we can study two conditions<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32664289272_6a58fc3faf_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-24\" width=\"561\" height=\"149\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/31974890574_707d1b52fd_o.png\" alt=\"ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-cbse-notes-for-class-12-physics-25\" width=\"746\" height=\"108\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Class 12 Notes Chapter 9 1. 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