{"id":23451,"date":"2022-01-25T11:43:53","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T06:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=23451"},"modified":"2022-01-25T16:54:23","modified_gmt":"2022-01-25T11:24:23","slug":"patterns-of-social-inequality-and-exclusion-cbse-notes-for-class-12-sociology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material-patterns-of-social-inequality-and-exclusion-cbse-notes-for-class-12-sociology\/","title":{"rendered":"Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2022 Inequality: economic, social.
\n\u2022 Life chances and opportunities are not equally available to everyone. They are less for the suppressed castes.
\n(a) Social inequality<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Differences shown to people in the society.
\n\u2022 Position in the society\/status.
\n\u2022 Status in society became much more important.
\n\u2022 In terms of three opportunities\/resources: eco capital, Social capital, cultural capital (all social institutions)
\nEconomic:<\/strong> Property, finances income.
\nSocial:<\/strong> Status, social standing, connections.
\nCultural:<\/strong> Social institutions, beliefs, qualification, politics, education, e.g. getting a job through (a) qualification (b) connections (c) money.
\n\u2022 Social inequality is more to do with the group one belongs to, the society one lives in rather than the natural differences that exists.
\n(b) Social Stratification<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Where different groups in the society are separated from each other by inferiority or superiority.
\n\u2022 Groups divided into segments\/portions differentiate them on the basis of their social\/economic status.
\nMain Features<\/strong>
\n(a) Importance is given to group differences and not individual difference.
\n(b) Person is identified by his\/her group and not by his\/her achievement.
\n(c) The opportunities of these people depend on their group and the life chances available for that group. The people who don\u2019t have life opportunity will fight for their rights through protests, rebels, etc. and may challenge the system.
\n(d) It transmits from generation to generation\/ascribed status, the resources available to one generation are available for the next generation.
\n(e) Pollution-purity, superiority of high castes, endogamous marriage, marriage within caste, outside gotra.
\n(f) Each group has own beliefs and ideologies, values, traditions, norms, etc.
\n\u2022 Scheduled caste: Fighting for rights. They are given reservation, benefits, incentives.
\n\u2022 Schedule Tribe: Fighting for place in society. Need to integrate them and give them reservations.
\n\u2022 Women: Equal rights as men and the same opportunities.
\n\u2022 Minority: Those other than the Hindus are fighting for rights. They have been given reservation.
\n\u2022 OBC: Economic problem, same opportunities.
\n\u2022 Differently Abled: Discriminate against mentally different children. Integration and reservation taking place.
\n(c) Prejudice<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Pre conceived notion\/pre judgement
\n\u2022 Mostly negative
\n\u2022 Someone say something and believe it, e.g. Kanjoos Marwaris; Rajputs are courageous.
\n\u2022 When prejudiced against other, and the group doesn\u2019t think so, they don\u2019t think they are inferior and try to prove themselves is called positive prejudice.
\n(d) Stereotype<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Categorize a whole group having one certain characteristic.
\n\u2022 A whole group is considered homogenous e.g. Rajputs are supposed to be courageous, girls are emotional, boys don\u2019t cry.
\n\u2022 Basis is prejudice.
\n\u2022 Individual difference isn\u2019t taken into consideration.
\n(e) Discrimination<\/strong>
\n\u2022 In reality the way you treat people differently.
\n\u2022 The way you believe towards a particular group.
\n\u2022 You act on your prejudice and stereotype.
\n\u2022 In India you discriminate against gender, race, religions, caste, class e.g. in a job interview there are 3 boys and 1 girl and the girl doesn\u2019t get the job, they give excuse for selecting them.
\n\u2022 Mostly it is very subtly but sometimes it is openly done.
\ne.g. in factories owned by Hindus, they won\u2019t take Muslims as workers and they would give some reasons for not taking them.
\n\u2022 Reason is not openly said but people know it is due to discrimination.
\nThe reasons is not the actual ones.
\n(f) Social Exclusion<\/strong>
\n\u2022 You are isolating them and exclude them from your group.
\n\u2022 When the people who are excluded are not given the opportunities which are given to others; (except their basic food, clothes and skelton) like medical, educational and naturalistic comforts.
\n\u2022 It is not accidental, it is systematic.
\n\u2022 It is openly done.
\n\u2022 It is involuntary, the ones who are excluded don\u2019t want to be excluded but we exclude them.
\n\u2022 After centuries, some people who are excluded lean either to ignore or they protest.
\n\u2022 Dalits came up with 2 things.
\n\u2022 They started making their own associations.
\n\u2022 They converted their religion (Muslims and Christians i.e., Islamisation)
\n\u2022 People excluded once the years are still excluded but the issues are changing.
\n\u2022 To bring about change, the mindset of the people has to change.
\nCaste System as a Discriminatory System:<\/strong>
\nCorrelation between Social Status and Economic Status<\/strong>
\n\u2022 There is a very close relation between class and caste.
\n\u2022 The members of the upper caste have better life chances and opportunities to use the resources.
\n\u2022 Now it is changing, people from Shudra community are occupying higher positions and vice versa e.g. K.R. Narayanan\u2014Ex-President who was from a Dalit community. Mira Kumar\u2014Ex-Speaker of the Parliament.
\n\u2022 But it is at a micro level in urban areas where Brahmins are peons, clerks while Dalits are doctors and are educated.
\n\u2022 The mindset of the people has not changed, so it is not prevalent at the micro level.
\n\"patterns-social-inequality-exclusion-cbse-notes-class-12-sociology-1\"
\n(a) Exclusion:<\/strong> The untouchables went through the worst type of exclusion. They were not given opportunities like others and were excluded from the smallest things and they were excluded from everything.
\ne.g. They weren\u2019t allowed to take water from the wells, pumps or lakes that the Brahmins used. They weren\u2019t allowed to take part in festivals rituals and ceremonies that other would participate in. They had to have a bath with the buffaloes and cows.
\n(b) Exploitation:<\/strong> They were given very low salaries and low grade jobs (washing the bathroom, wetting the roads, cremations).
\nThey were given jobs which no one wanted to do and were not paid.
\nThey were treated in an inhuman manners and were taken advantage of.
\n(c) Humiliation:<\/strong> They were not allowed to wear bright clothes full of colour, could not use the same roads, which Brahmins use, had to walk with their heads bowed down while a Brahmin walked by, couldn\u2019t walk with their chappals in front of Brahmins so they would hold it in their hands.
\nThey would clean up dead bodies and the cremation and were only included to play the drums from a far off distance.
\n(d) Subordination:<\/strong> They were below the upper castes and the Brahmins and were suppressed.
\nProvisions by the Government for SC and ST
\nReservation<\/strong>
\n\"patterns-social-inequality-exclusion-cbse-notes-class-12-sociology-2\"
\n\u2022 Laws, Policies, Amendments,
\nWelfare Programmes<\/strong>
\n\u2022 They are meant for those who are socially and economically backward as they don\u2019t have life chances and opportunities which they should have.
\n\u2022 The government reserves seats for the SC\u2019s and ST\u2019s and no one else can take those seats from the upper caste.
\n\u2022 They are reserved in educational institutions, jobs, parliament. They have a lot of provisions like age relaxation and low marks for selection.
\nLaws<\/strong>
\n\u2022 You have to follow the laws.
\n\u2022 It is a legal framework, not like norms.
\n\u2022 Brahmins were the only educated people and the British needed the Brahmins support.
\n\u2022 Laws were made about caste but implementation was poor.
\n1. Caste disability Removal Act-1850: Introduced because they wanted the lower caste to get into educational institution so that they could study and educate themselves.
\n2. Abolition of Untouchability-Article 17: If practiced, punishable by law.
\n3. Prevention of Atrocities Act-1889: The acts, the Brahmins carried out on the lower castes e.g. beating them, not letting them wear bright colours, washing streets, etc.
\n4. Constitutional Amendment Act-2005: The 93rd amendment. It is to do with education and no one can be devoid of education.
\nThey are still socially, economically and culturally backward.
\nThere are social organisation, associations and political parties and social movements fighting for these classes.
\n1. Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society) mainly for Dalits and women by Jyotiba Phule.
\n2. Brahmo Samaj- Raja Rammohun Roy
\n3. Arya Samaj-Dayanand Saraswati
\n4. Dalit Sangharsh Samiti
\n5. Bahujan Samaj Party
\n6. BSP-Kanchuians
\n7. Dalit Panther Movement in 1970\u2019s
\nOther Backward Classes (OBCs)<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Those groups of the forward caste who are economically backward.
\n\u2022 These people are very poor and are treated like the Dalits but there is no untouchability.
\n\u2022 Reservations are provided to them since they are illiterate, uneducated and are given the same jobs as the Dalits.
\nKaka Kelelkar Commission<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Set up to go to different villages to decide which caste\/subcaste should be given the
\nstatus of OBC.
\nMandal Commission<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Large issue in late 80\u2019s and 90\u2019s.
\n\u2022 V.P. Singh gave reservation in some states but not in other states.
\n\u2022 This led to protests by other people.
\nPolitics of OBC<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Politicians promise reservation for the OBC\u2019s only to expand their votebank.
\n\u2022 Those OBC\u2019s that are better off than the other OBC\u2019s are upper OBC\u2019s.
\n\u2022 The lowest category is equal to the Dalits.
\nAdivasi Struggle<\/strong>
\nJanjati\u2019s (first inhabitants), Vanjati\u2019s (forest dwellers), Adivasi\u2019s, Girijans.
\n\u2022 They like to be alone\/isolated and their occupations well connected to the forest.
\n\u2022 They were hunter gatherers, honey collectors, shifting cultivators)
\nDuring colonial rule<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Maximum exploitation of forest dwellers.
\n\u2022 Forests were cleared for collecting timber, setting up of roads, railway tracks.
\n\u2022 The tribals who were dependent on the forest lost their livelihood.
\n\u2022 Some of them became thieves and stole timber and poached animals.
\n\u2022 Others went to nearby cities and towns and became labourers working for wages.
\n\u2022 Thus the tribals revolted and protested which led the British to reserve areas known as exclusive areas\/partially exclusive areas.
\n\u2022 The non-tribals were not allowed to enter the area, but this was not implemented
\nproperly since the weaker sections were sidelined.
\nAfter independence<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Development continued to take place so the tribals suffered (roads, railways, tracks had to be made and timber had to be used)
\n\u2022 Hydroelectric projects (dams), using, recreational purposes and the culture of the tribals gets clouded.
\n\u2022 This displaced the tribals and their livelihood was taken away.
\n\u2022 The tribals began revolts, rebellions, protests due to exploitation and discrimination.
\n\u2022 The Adivasi\/tribal movement came across and three states were formed Jharkand, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh.
\nWomen structure for equality and rights<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Women are considered to be physically and biologically weaker but they are not socially or economically weak.
\n\u2022 This is due to the patriarchal society and mindset of the people.
\nSocial reformers<\/strong>
\n\u2022 The male reformers wanted to make changes in the society for women and Dalits.
\n\u2014 Raja Rammohun Roy
\nIn 1829 he caused the abolition of Sati Pratha under the Governor General
\n1 William Bentick. Later he started Brahmo Samaj for the upliftment of the status
\nof women by giving the girl child education.
\nHe wanted child marriage to end and wanted to encourage widow remarriage.
\n\u2014 Dayanand Saraswati
\n-\u00bb He started the Arya Samaj to educate the girl child. Upliftment of women both
\nsocially and economically. Abolishment of child marriage encouraged widow l remarriage. (
\nHe was against the study of western education and he wanted women to study the Vedas and learn about housekeeping as they would ultimately become homeworkers. This social work was done by the Arya Samaj.
\n\u2014 M.G. Ranade
\nHe was a Hindu Brahmin and was shocked by the way women were treated. He
\nwrote two books and appealed to the people by saying that even in the Vedas it was not mentioned to treat them badly or they shouldn\u2019t get married again.
\n\u2014 JyotibaPhule
\nHe was a Dalit and started the association called Satyashodhak Samaj (truth seeking society) Focused on status of Dalits and women and was the first Indian to start a college for women in Puri.
\n\u2014 Syed Ahmed Khan
\nHe was a well educated muslim and he wanted the muslim women to be educated as they were suppressed, due to the Purdah System but they should
\nlearn about housekeeping as they will become house workers.
\n\u2014 Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar
\nHe concentrated on widow remarriage. He opposed the way widows were treated.
\nHe encouraged men to marry the widows and arranged community marriages. He did this to give respect to the women.
\nWomen Reformers<\/strong>
\n 1. Tarabai Shinde<\/strong>
\n\u2014 Wrote a book called \u201cStree Purush Tulana\u2019 in 1882 which spoke about how men treated women.
\n\u2014 She was suppressed, women race were given a very low status.
\n\u2014 Women were ill-treated like slaves.
\n\u2014 There was prevalence of polygamy, so men would marry women.
\n\u2014 She felt that women were degraded and so she wrote the book to spread awareness about the importance of women.
\n2. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain<\/strong>
\n\u2013 Wrote an interesting short story, Sultana\u2019s Dream\u2019 in 1915, where there was role reversal (men and women), magical world (satire).
\n\u2013 The man usually worked, stayed there and cooked and did all the household work and women would work, jobs, go in rockets.
\n\u2013 In reality it was very rural for a man to do household work.
\n\u2013 Men should help women and lead them go out sometimes.
\nProvisions for women\/position\/status of women<\/strong>
\n\u2022 During the 19th century, there were very few associations which fought for women.
\n\u2022 After independence many women associations came up for the upliftment of women. Karachi Session of 1931
\nFew provisions were suggested and later included in the constitution.
\n1. Everyone is equal in the eyes of law, irrespective of their religion, caste, language and sex they belong to.
\n2. Women should be allowed to hold positions in society in government jobs, not taking in account their caste, language.
\n3. Universal Adult Franchise should be allowed to vote irrespective of their caste, religion, etc.
\n4. All women have a right to vote, right to stand for any office or to take up any job.
\nDifferently-Abled<\/strong>
\n\u2022 The Disableds, who are physically and mentally challenged.
\n\"patterns-social-inequality-exclusion-cbse-notes-class-12-sociology-3\"
\n\u2022 These terms have changed as these terms are very derogatory and should not be used.
\n\u2022 They are not only physically and mentally challenged but they are socially discriminated and not integrated into society like the mainstream.
\n\u2022 These terms are used loosely and are considered as insults.
\nFeatures<\/strong>
\n1. It is biologically given\/genetic.
\n2. Can be due to accidents (physically impaired).
\n3. The blame goes to Karma\/fate.
\n4. They are considered to be victims of fate and are fiercely independent.
\n5. Everything that they do is attributed to their disability. People show sympathy and pity, but they don\u2019t want it.
\n6. Disability is linked with their self-perception (fiercely independent) whether they have a poor perception of themself.
\n7. We feel that the disabled people are in need of help.
\n\u2013 In the past, in the mythological movies, the negative character is a differently abled person.
\n\u2013 The differently abled are discriminated but society does not accept them.
\nDifferently-Abled and Poverty<\/strong>
\n\u2022 They do not have the life chances, opportunities that the others have.
\n\u2022 They are not educated, cannot get jobs and this leads to poverty.
\n\u2022 If they are not accepted by their family, it leads to begging.
\n\u2022 Due to poor conditions, unsanitary conditions, improper health and education, mother has too many children, no polio drops lead to disabilities (inadequate immunizational, one crowded housing)
\n\u2022 According to the 2001 census, 2.19 crore people in India are physically challenged.
\n\u2022 The differently-abled began protesting and forming associations and laws by the government.
\n1. Nowadays in the malls and airports, there are bathroom for them.
\n2. There are separate educational facilities (Tamanna) but they want to be integrated with the mainstream.
\n3. Provisions are being made in schools, courts, malls, airport, like parking, ramps, lifts, buses\u2014but it is not enough.
\n4. \u2019 Most of the hospital^ don\u2019t have ramps.
\n\u2022 The awareness is increasing but the number of disabled are also increasing.<\/p>\n

Words That Matter<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Caste:<\/strong> The graph made on the basis of birth is called caste, which makes it imperatives for the members to follow the same norms regarding food, marriage, social contact, etc.
\n2. Discrimination:<\/strong> Practices, act or activities resulting in the unjustified exclusion of
\nthe members of a particular group from access to goods, services, jobs, resources, etc. that are normally accessible to others. Discrimination is behavioural component of prejudice.
\n3. Egalitarian:<\/strong> Believing in the principle that all human beings are equal and should enjoy the same rights.
\n4. Ethnic cleansing:<\/strong> The creation of ethnically homogenous territories through the mass expulsion of other ethnic population.
\n5. Ethnicity:<\/strong> An ethnic group is one whose members share a distinct awareness of a common cultural identity separating them from other groups around them.
\n6. Gender:<\/strong> In social theory, the term reserved for the socially and culturally produced differences between men and women. (As different from \u2018sex\u2019 which refers to the physical-biological differences between men and women). Nature creates sexes, society creates genders.
\n7. Life chances:<\/strong> The potential opportunities or possible achievements available to a person during their life.
\n8. Minority groups:<\/strong> A group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical and cultural characteristics, find themselves in situation of inequality within that society. Each group includes ethnic minorities.
\n9. Prejudice:<\/strong> Bias, the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group ideas that are resistant to changes even in the face of new information. Prejudice may be either positive or negative, but the common usage is for negative or derogatory preconceptions.
\n10. Scavenging:<\/strong> The practice of manual cleaning of human excreta and other garbage and waste products. Still practised where sewerage system are not in place. This can also be a service that the untouchable castes are forced to perform.
\n11. Social exclusion:<\/strong> The combined outcome of deprivation and discrimination, which prevent individual or groups from participating fully in the economic, social and political life of the society in which they live. Social exclusion is structural i.e., the results of social processes are institution rather than individual action.
\n12. Stereotypes:<\/strong> A fixed and inflexible characterisation of a group of people. A fixed, often simplistic generalisation, about a particular group or class of people.
\n13. Stratification:<\/strong> The hierarchical arrangement of different segments of society into
\n\u2018strata\u2019 or sub-groups whose members share the same general position in the hierarchy. Stratification implies inequality, egalitarian societies are in theory lacking in strata though they may have other forms of sub-grouping which are not arranged in hierarchical terms. .
\n14. Untouchability:<\/strong> A social practice within the caste system whereby members of the lowest castes are considered to be ritually impure to such an extent that they cause pollution by mere touch. Untouchable castes are of the bottom of the social scale and are exchanged from most social institutions.
\n15. Economic capital:<\/strong> Refers to the material assets and income.
\n16. Social capital:<\/strong> Refers to the form of networks of contacts and social associations.
\n17. Cultural capital:<\/strong> Refers to the educational qualifications and status.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology   \u2022 Inequality: economic, social. \u2022 Life […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"CBSE sociology","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Get Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology on Infinity learn.","custom_permalink":"study-material-patterns-of-social-inequality-and-exclusion-cbse-notes-for-class-12-sociology\/"},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"table_tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPatterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Get Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology on Infinity learn.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material-patterns-of-social-inequality-and-exclusion-cbse-notes-for-class-12-sociology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology - 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