{"id":23464,"date":"2022-01-25T11:44:17","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T06:14:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=23464"},"modified":"2022-01-25T16:54:11","modified_gmt":"2022-01-25T11:24:11","slug":"change-and-development-in-rural-society-cbse-notes-for-class-12-sociology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material-change-and-development-in-rural-society-cbse-notes-for-class-12-sociology\/","title":{"rendered":"Change and Development in Rural Society \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Change and Development in Rural Society \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Sociology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

India is basically a rural society. It is called the land of villages. Our economy rests on agriculture. The farmers agriculture is not only an occupation but a way of life. This country has unity in diversity. Different regions and states have different features, e.g. Rajasthan is vibrant, famous for coloured clothes and spicy food. Punjab is famous for its fertile land.
\nFestivals<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Bhogi, Pongal and Sankranti are to do with harvest and fall in the month of January in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
\n\u2022 Baisakhi is the harvest season in Punjab.
\nAgriculture and Culture<\/strong>
\n\u2022 All food, festivals and clothes are connected to the land. .
\n\u2022 The main agricultural occupations are like carpenters, potters, artisans, sculptors etc.
\n\u2022 With the coming in of globalisation, many occupations have been introduced in schools (teachers), hospitals (nurses, doctors), post and telegraph.
\n\u2022 Many factories have been coming up and rural people provide labour there.
\nAgrarian Structure<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Depends upon the land holdings amount of land a person holds.
\n\u2022 There is unequal distribution of land some people have lots of land and some people don\u2019t have any.
\n\u2022 The agriculture structure is how the land holdings have been distributed among people. Types of Landholdings:<\/strong>
\n1. Large Landers: Own large amount of land, earlier known as zamindars.
\n2. Medium landowners Small landowners: Have small amount of land and can make a profit.
\n3. Marginal landowners: These along with small family grow just enough for consumption of their family and do not have enough land to get surplus to sell in the market.
\n4. Landless landowners: Have no land of their own, work for others.
\n5. Tenants: Take land on rent and give the landowner a share of the profit.
\nPositions of women<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Woman position is low, they can\u2019t own land.
\n\u2022 They have equal property rights as the son but they are woman or they are scared to voice their oppose.
\nClass and Caste Structure in Rural Areas Interrelated
\n\u2022 Upper caste were considered to be upper class. But the issue in rural areas is complex
\n\u2022 Brahmins are the top most caste but not necessarily the wealthiest. The kshatriyas are upper caste as well as upper class.
\nDominant Caste<\/strong>
\n\u2022 After independence, land reforms introduced land ceiling. It set a limit of land holding by each individual.
\n\u2022 Large land owners sold away their land to medium land owners as they moved to urban areas to set up factories.
\nProprietary Caste<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Upper caste, rich people, large and mediums land owners controlled the resources and labour force in that particular areas.
\n\u2022 Begar-bonded Labourers: were illiterate and did not know how to do any skilled work.
\nZamindari System<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Zamindars collected the kind\u2014rice, wheat, sugar etc. as tax from the farmers of the village
\n\u2022 For maximum exploitation of farmers, zamindars collected extra taxes.
\nRoyal\/Raiyat\/Ryatwari System
\n\u2022 One member of the family (joint family) was selected to collect the tax from the family and give it to the British.
\n\u2022 There was some exploitation, but very less\u2014It was very successful in some areas.
\nMahalwari System<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Headman of the village collected the tax\u2014It was much better than zamindari system.
\n\u2022 There were three problems the Ministers often faced:
\n1. Poverty
\n2. Imported grains
\n3. Less productivity
\nPoverty and less productivity was during colonial period and imported grains was after independence. They came up with land reforms to solve these problems as well as to ensure social justice.
\n\u2022 After independence the gap between the rich and poor was very large.
\nAbolition of Zamindari System\/Intermediately System<\/strong>
\n\u2022 The exploitation of farmers by zamindars led to a lot of problems.
\n\u2022 The first land reform introduced was that the farmers would directly pay their tax to the government.
\nLand ceilings (productive land law ceiling, unproductive-high)<\/strong>
\n\u2022 A limit as to how much land a person could own.
\n\u2022 If a farmer had 300 areas of land, 80 acres were given to the small, marginal farmers as 220 was the limit.
\n\u2022 The government imposed upper limit on the amount of land a person can own.
\n\u2022 Ceiling varied region to region depending upon how fertile the land is.
\n\u2022 In a productive area there was low ceiling limit, more land was taken from farmers.
\n\u2022 It was a big task for the government to visit each region and judge the ceiling according to facility level.
\n\u2022 In some areas it was successful, but not so in some areas due to Benami transfer the landlord wanted land to himself, thus he would put the land in die name of the women, accountant, distant relative only on paper it was so, but actually he owned the land.
\nTenancy Reforms<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Tenants are those who take land on rent.
\n\u2022 If the land has good productivity, the landlord wanted the land back.
\n\u2022 Government made lives of tenants secure by
\n(i) Security for tenants: For certain period, owner cannot take the land back, before period.
\n(ii) Regulation of rent: A certain amount of the profit was to be given to the landlord either he would pay or in the beginning he would not agree to paying money.
\n\u2022 Even if he made a loss and said he would give it to the landlord he would have to pay.
\n\u2022 One of the policies was that if the tenant showing production over a period of time and was regular in giving a part of his profit, he would buy the land.
\n\u2022 If he was unable to pay, at times the landlord could take away the land from the peasant.
\nConsideration of Land Holdings<\/strong>
\n\u2022 The whole rural area was divided into sectors and each sector had various facilities provided by the government.
\n\u2022 A person from another sector could not use the facilities of another sector. They have to use the facilities of their sectors.
\nLand Records<\/strong>
\n\u2022 During the colonial rule, there were barely any records.
\n\u2022 Later they were registered, maintained and was computerized.
\nGreen Revolution<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Green revolution was a devolution started in 1960\u2019s and 70\u2019s had a drastic change in the productivity.
\n\u2022 Introduced in those areas where there was a possibility of a water source and fertile land.
\nSocial Consequence of Green Revolution<\/strong>
\nAdvantages:<\/strong>
\n\u2014 First time India started exporting grains (rice and wheat), surplus.
\n\u2014 It was a great achievement for government but also for Indian scientists who created seeds.
\n\u2014 Employment opportunities increased, demand for agricultural labour went up. Disadvantage:
\nIncreased inequality in rural areas<\/strong>
\n\u2014 Only rich landlords who could afford the HYV seeds could make profits.
\n\u2014 Lower class (agri- subsistence) did not have resources to produce surplus to sell in market for profit.
\n\u2014 Land taken away from tenants by landowners as they wanted to make extra profit rather than paying them. This was the displacements of tenants.
\nDisplacement of service class<\/strong>
\n\u2022 All work which used to be done by manual labour was replaced by machines (harvestees etc.)
\nRich became richer and poor became poorer<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Payment was shifted from land to cash.
\n\u2022 Instead of increase in wages, they decreased as there was so much demand for agricultural labour.
\nGreen Revolution in Arid Areas<\/strong>
\n\u2022 The crops shifted to multi crop from new crop. So that the profit was more (irrigation, HYV seeds).
\n\u2022 If the crop failed the farmer had nothing to fall back on in case of crop failure.
\n\u2022 Everything grown for commercial purposes.
\n\u2022 Increased insecurity of the farmer.
\n\u2022 It is divided into Andhra and Telengana. Andhra has two rivers \u2013 Krishna and Godavari Land is fertile. Landlords in Andhra Pradesh are prosperous.<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh is in the center of Telengana and all development is done there only. Farmers of Andhra have sold their products in Hyderabad.
\n\u2022 Different regions have regional inequalities like UP and Haryana.
\nDiversification<\/strong>
\n\u2022 There is a new class of people that has caused up entire pressure. .
\n\u2022 Group of landowners who invest agricultural money into small factories, invest in machines.
\n\u2022 They started: sending their children to school in urban areas, providing education.
\n\u2022 The hybrid seeds, pesticides have an effect on ecology.
\n\u2022 Fertility of soil is decreasing.
\n\u2022 Farmers prefer organic farming or natural products.
\nTransformation of Rural Society<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Because of GR and land reforms.
\n1. Agricultural labour increased as agriculture is labour intensive. It was extensive lot of work involved on the price of land.
\n2. Payment changed from kind to cash because government wanted uniformity or one scale of wage (minimum wage).
\n\u2022 It was easier to keep track as the payment in kind different from person to person.
\n\u2022 They moved from the hereditary relationship
\n\u2022 Loosing of traditional bonds farmers could move from their village to any other village and pick up work not bonded.
\n\u2022 The govt also contributed by developing infrastructure, electricity\/water, cooperate \u2018\u201d society, irrigation facilities, bankmen, setting up of schools and hospitals etc.
\nKerala and Bihar<\/strong>
\n\u2022 In the 80\u2019s the Kerala economy got linked to the UAE economy.
\n\u2022 There was a need for minimal, manual labour (devices) who went from Kerala.
\n\u2022 They came back with a lot of wealth and their economy boomed.
\n\u2022 Keralites depended upon coconuts, fishing, but the new business ventures began adding to economy.
\n\u2022 Agricultural economy was linked to economies from industries.
\n\u2022 Kerala already had a booming fishing industry.
\n\u2022 Regions such as eastern UP and Bihar, where land reforms have not been effective, there has hardly been any noticeable change in the agrarian structure.
\nGlobalisation, Liberalisation & Rural Society<\/strong>
\n\u2022 In late 80\u2019s and 90\u2019s globalisation came to India.
\n\u2022 This led to competition among farmers.
\n\u2022 The organisation in charge for rules and regulations was the WTO, which led rules regarding prices, wages, taxes, aspects of trading, reduction of barriers.
\n\u2022 Indian trades are facing competition. Fruits, vegetables, clothes whole structure of rural area changed.
\n\u2022 A new concept was introduced in rural areas known as \u2018contract farming\u2019
\nContract Farming<\/strong>
\n\u2022 The MNC\u2019s go to different villages and tell the farmers about their requirements.
\n\u2022 Some products which are popular such as potatoes, tomatoes, flowers, etc.
\n\u2022 The MNC\u2019s gave the\u2019Indian farmers seeds, fertilizers and the know how as to how they were to be used.
\n\u2022 These products were only produced for the MNC\u2019s either sold, made into sauces, jams, carved food (by being processed).
\n\u2022 The farmer is assured of an income and a profit.
\n\u2022 Very popular in some states (Punjab) and the land is fertile.
\nDisadvantages:<\/strong>
\n1. Farmers are growing the items, wanted by that MNC and if there is a crop failure there the farmer has nothing to fall back on.
\n2. Insecurity among the farmers.
\n3. Product will not be bought by MNC if product is not up to the mark. Only if it is up to the mark it is good.
\n4. There is insecurity a%there is total dependence on the MNC.
\n5. We are moving away from production of grains, rice to producing tomatoes, potatoes.
\n\u2022 Once you grow tomatoes etc you cannot go back to producing grains.
\n\u2022 The knowledge that the traditional farmers have is of no use, as the know how about growing there crops is given by the MNC\u2019S.
\n\u2022 Ecologically the soil gets eroded not very feasible and people are switching to organic farming.
\nMNC\u2019S as agents:<\/strong>
\n1. Now MNC\u2019s are providing seeds, fertilizers to the farmers.
\nSeeds etc are expensive but farmers have to buy them for contract farming.
\n2. Though the profits are high, the insecurities all is also high.
\nIn case there is a crop failure, they do not have the government to fall back upon.
\n3. The govt cannot give loans at low interest rates as the MNC\u2019s are induced and they take charge.
\nFarmers\u2019 Suicide\u2014Small and Marginal<\/strong>
\nReasons:<\/strong>
\n1. The Green Revolution belt, small and marginal farmers wanted to increase productivity by increasing the use of advanced technology including tillers, tractors.
\n2. Unfortunately there may be a setback due to many reasons which can lead to farmer suicide.
\nFactors:<\/strong>
\n1. Withdrawal of subsidies and support price by government from farmers.
\n2. Now they have to borrow from other sources leading to debt traps. When they are unable to pay the money, at times they commit suicide.
\n3. Crop failure\u2014Natural or manual failure, drought, heavy rain, pests, insecticides, etc.
\n4. Totally dependent on the market \u2013 when there is a crop failure, they have nothing to fall back on insecurity.
\n5. Besides production costs, there are other expenditures to be incurred. Education, dowry, medial care etc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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