{"id":23487,"date":"2022-01-25T16:20:19","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T10:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=23487"},"modified":"2022-01-28T11:23:24","modified_gmt":"2022-01-28T05:53:24","slug":"self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/","title":{"rendered":"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

FACTS THAT MATTER<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Self refers to the totality of an individuals conscious experiences, ideas thoughts and feelings with regard to her self or him self.
\n\u2022 The study of self and personality help us to understand ourselves as well as others.
\n\u2022 The structure of self can be understood in terms of identity of the intended and the development of personal and social self.
\n\u2022 Personal identity refers to those attributes of a person that make him\/her different from others.
\n\u2022 Social identity refers to those aspects of a person that link him\/her to a social or cultural group or are derived from it.
\nSelf refers to the totality of an individual\u2019s conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings with regard to himself or herself.
\n\u2022 Subject:<\/strong>
\nWho does something (actor).
\nSelf actively engages in the process of knowing itself.
\n\u2022 Object:<\/strong>
\nWhich gets affected (consequence).
\nSelf gets observed and comes to be known.
\n\u2022 Kinds of Self:<\/strong>
\n(i) Formed as a result of the interaction of the biological self with the physical and sociocultural environment.
\n(ii) Biological self developed |is a result of our biological needs.
\n\u2022 Personal Self:<\/strong>
\nPrimarily concerned with oneself.
\nEmphasis comes to be laid on those aspects of life that relate only to the concern the person, such as personal freedom, personal responsibility, personal achievement, or personal comforts.
\n\u2022 Social\/Familial\/Relational Self
\nEmerges in relation with others.
\nEmphasises such aspects of life as co-operation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing. This self values family and social relationship.
\n\u2022 Self-concept is the way perceive ourselves and the ideas we hold about our competencies and attributes. A person\u2019s self-concept can be found out by asking the person about himself herself.
\n\u2022 Self-esteem is the value judgement of a person about himself\/herself.
\n1. Assessment present a variety of statements to a person and ask him\/her to indicate the extent to which those statements are true for him or her.
\n2. By 6 to 7 years, children have formed self-esteem in four areas\u2014academic, social and physical\/athletic competence, and physical appearance become more refined with age.
\n3. Overall self-esteem: It is the capacity to view oneself in terms of stable disposition and combine separate self-evaluations into a general psychological image of oneself.
\n4. Self-esteem has a strong relationship with our everyday behaviour. Children with low self-esteem in all areas often display anxiety, depression, and increasing anti-social behaviour.
\n5. Warm and positive parenting helps in development of high self-esteem among children- allows them to know they are accepted as competent and worthwhile.
\n\u2022 Self-efficacy is the extent to which a person believes they themselves control their life outcomes or the outcomes are controlled by luck or fate or other situational factors.
\n1. A person who believes that he\/she has the ability or behaviour required by a particular situation demonstrates high self-efficacy.
\n2. The notion of self-efficacy is based on Bandura\u2019s social learning theory. He showed that children and adults learned behaviour by observing and imitating others.
\n3. People\u2019s expectations of achievement also determine the type of behaviour in which they would engage, as also the amount of risk they would undertake.
\n4. Strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life; also feel less fearful.
\n5. Society, parents and own positive experiences can help in the development of a strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the formative years of children.
\n\u2022 Self-regulation refers to the ability to organize and monitor one\u2019s own behaviour.
\n1. People who are able to change their behaviour according to the demands of. the environment are high on self-monitoring.
\n2. Self-control is learning to delay or refer the gratification of needs.
\n3. Will-power is the ability to respond to situational pressure with resistance and control over ourselves.
\n4. Self-control plays a key role in the fulfilment of a long-term goal.
\n5. Indian culture tradition provides certain effective mechanisms (fasting in vrata or roza and non-attachment with worldly things) for developing self-control.
\n\u2022 Techniques of self-control:<\/strong>
\n1. Observation of own behaviour: provides necessary information that may be used to change, modify or strengthen certain aspects of self.
\n2. Self-instruction: instructs ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to.
\n3. Self-reinforcement: rewards behaviours that have pleasant outcomes.
\nCULTURE AND SELF:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Indian<\/strong>
\nShifting nature of boundary between self and other (individual self and social self).
\nDoes not clear dichotomies.
\nCollectivistic culture: Self is generally not separated from one\u2019s own group; rather both remain in a state of harmonious co-existence.
\n\u2022 Western<\/strong>
\nBoundary is relatively fixed.
\nHolds clear dichotomies between self and other, man and nature, subjective and objective.
\nIndividualistic Culture: Self and the group exist as two different entities with clearly defined boundaries; individual members of the group maintain their individuality.
\nCONCEPT OF PERSONALITY<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Personality refers to unique and relatively stable qualities that characterized an individual\u2019s behaviour across different situation over a period of time.
\n1. Derived from persona (Latin), the mask used by actors in Roman theatre for changing their facial make-up.
\n2. Once we are able to characterize someone\u2019s personality, we can predict how that person will probably behave in a variety of circumstances.
\n3. An understanding of personality allows us to deal with people in realistic and acceptable ways.
\nFeatures of Personality:
\n1. Personality has both physical and psychological components.
\n2. Its expression in terms of behaviour is fairly unique in a given individual.
\n3. Its main features do not easily change with time.
\n4. It is dynamic in the sense that some of its features may change due to internal or external situational demands; adaptive to situations.
\nAPPROACHES TO STUDY PERSONALITY<\/strong>
\n\u2022 TYPE APPROACHES<\/strong>
\n1. Hippocrates (Greek Physician)
\n(i) Proposed a typology of personality based on fluid or humour.
\n(ii) Classified people into four types (i.e., sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric); characterised by specific behavioural features.
\n2. Charak Samhita (Treatise on Ayurveda)
\n(i) Classifies people into the categories of vata, pitta and kapha on the basis of three humoural elements called tridosha.
\n(ii) Each refers to a type of temperament, called prakriti (basic nature) of a person.
\n3. Typology of personality based on the trigunas, i.e. , sattva, rajas, and tamas.
\n\u2014 Sattva guna\u2014cleaniness, truthfulness, dutifulness, detachment, discipline.
\n\u2014 Rajas guna\u2014intensive activity, desire for sense gratification, dissatisfaction,envy, materialism.
\n\u2014 Tamas guna\u2014anger, arrogance, depression, laziness, helplessness
\nAll the three gunas are present in every person in different degrees\u2014the dominance of . any guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
\n4. Sheldon
\nUsing body built and temperament as the main basis for classification:
\n(i) Endomorphic (fat, soft and round)\u2014relaxed and sociable.
\n(ii) Mesomorphic (strong musculature, rectangular, strong body build)\u2014energetic and courageous.
\n(iii) Ectomorphic (thin, long, fragile)\u2014brainy, artistic and introverted.
\n\u2014 Limited use in predicting behaviour\u2014simple and similar to stereotypes.
\n5. Jung
\nGrouped people into two types, widely recognized.
\n(i) Introverts: People who prefer to be alone, tend to avoid others, withdraw themselves in the face of emotional conflicts, and are shy.
\n(ii) Extraverts: Sociable, outgoing, drawn to occupations that allow dealing directly with people, and react to stress by trying to lose themselves among people and social activity.
\n6. Friedman and Roesenman
\nTried to identify psycho-social risk factors and discovered types.
\n(i) Type-A (susceptible to hypertension and coronary heart disease): Highly motivated, impatience, feel short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always burdened with work. Such people find it difficult to slow down and relax,
\n(ii) Type-B The absence of Type-A traits.
\nMoris continued this research and identified:
\n(iii) Type-C (prone to cancer): Co-operative, unassertive patient, suppress negative emotion, show compliance to authority.
\n(iv) Type-D (prone to depression).
\nPersonality typologies are usually too simplistic as human behaviour is highly complex and variable. Assigning people to a particular personality type is difficult. People do not fit into such simple categorization schemes so neatly.
\nTRAIT APPROACHES<\/strong>
\nA trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differ another. They are:
\nRelatively Stable over Time
\n\u2014 Generally consistent across situations.
\n\u2014 Their strengths and combination vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
\n1. Allport\u2019s Trait Theory (Gordon Allport)
\n(i) Individuals possess a number of traits\u2014dynamic in nature and determine behaviour.
\n(ii) Analysed words people use to describe themselves\u2014provided a basic for understanding human personality\u2014and categorized them into\u2014
\n\u2014 Cardinal Traits: highly generalized disposition, indicates the goal around . which a person\u2019s entire life revolves, e.g., Hitler\u2019s Nazism.
\n\u2014 Central Traits: less pervasive in effect, but still quite generalized disposition. e.g., sincere.
\n\u2014 Secondary trai least generalized characteristics of a person, e.g., likes mangoes.
\n(iii) The way an individual reacts to a situation depends on his\/her traits.
\n(iv) People sharing the same traits might express them in different ways.
\n2. Personality Factors (Raymond Cattell)
\n(i) Identified primary traits from descriptive adjectives found in language.
\n(ii) Applied factor analysis, a statistical technique to discover the common structure on which people differ from each other.
\n\u2014 Source or Primary Traits (16): stable, building blocks of personality\u2014 described in terms of opposing tendencies.
\n\u2014 Surface Traits: result out of the interaction of source traits.
\n(iii) Developed Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire for the assessment of personality.
\n3. Eysenck\u2019s Theory (H.J. Eysenck)
\n(i) Reduced personality into, two broad dimensions which are biologically and genetically based and subsume a number of specific traits.
\n\u2014 Neuroticism (anxious, moody, touchy, restless) us. Emotional stability (calm, even tempered, reliable)\u2014the degree to which people have control over their feelings.
\n\u2014 Extraversion (active, gregarious, impulsive, thrill seeking) vs. Introversion (passive, quiet, caution, reserved)\u2014the degree to which people are socially outgoing or socially withdrawn.
\n(ii) Later proposed a third dimension, Psychoticism (hostile, electric, and antisocial) vs. Sociability, considered to interact with the other two dimensions.
\n(iii) Developed Eysenck Personality Questionnaires to study dimensions of personality.
\n\"self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology-1\"
\n(iv) Useful in understanding the personality profile of people across cultures
\n(v) Consistent with the analysis of personality traits found in different languages and methods
\n\u2022 Psycho-dynamic Approach (Sigmund Freud)
\nA Levels of Conciousness<\/strong>
\n1. Conscious\u2014thoughts, feelings and action of which people are aware.
\n2. Preconscious-\u2014mental activity which people may become aware only if they attend to it closely.
\n3. Unconscious\u2014mental activity that people are aware of.
\n(i) A reservoir of instinctive or animal drives\u2014stores all ideas and .wishes that arise from sexual desires.
\n(ii) Cannot be expressed openly and therefore are repressed or concealed from conscious awareness.
\n(iii) Constant struggle to find a socially acceptable way to express unconscious awareness.
\n(iv) Unsuccessful resolution of conflicts results in abnormal behaviour Approaches to the Unconscious
\n1. Free Association\u2014a method in which a person is asked to openly share all the thoughts, feelings and ideas that come to his\/her mind.
\n2. Dream Analysis.
\n3. Analysis of Errors\u2014mispronunciations, forgetting.
\nPsycho-analysis is a therapeutic procedure, the basic goal which is to bring repressed unconscious material to consciousness, thereby helping people to live in a more self-aware and integrated manner.
\nB Structure of Personality<\/strong>
\n1. Freud gave an imaginary division of mind it believed in internal dynamics which can be inferred from the ways people behave.
\n2. Three competing forces\u2014i.e. id, ego and superego influence behaviour relative strength of each structure determines a person\u2019s stability.
\n\u2022 Id:<\/strong>
\n1. Source of a person\u2019s instinctual energy\u2014deals with immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses.
\n2. Works on the pleasure principle, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain.
\n3. Demanding, unrealistic and does not care for moral values, society, or other individuals.
\n4. Energised by instinctual forces, life (sexual) instinct (libido) and death instinct.
\n\u2022 Ego:<\/strong>
\n1. Seeks to satisfy an individual\u2019s instinctual needs in accordance with reality.
\n2. Works on the reality principle, and directs the id towards more appropriate ways of behaving.
\n3. Patient and reasonable.
\n\u2022 Superego:<\/strong>
\n1. Moral branch of mental functioning.
\n2. Tells the id and ego whether gratification in a particular instance is ethical
\n3. Controls the id by internalising the parental authority the process of socialisation. According to Freud personality is Biological determined. It is instinctive. Life instinct and death instinct determine behaviour.
\n\u2022 Life instinct is dominant in human behaviour.
\nC Ego Defence Mechanisms<\/strong>
\n1. A defence mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality unconsciously.
\n2. It defends the ego against the awareness of the instinctual reality.
\n3. It is normal and adaptive; people who use mechanism are often unaware of doing so.
\n(i) Repression: Anxiety provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. \u2018
\n(ii) Projection: People attributes their own traits to others.
\n(iii) Denial: A person totally refuses to accept reality.
\n(iv) Reaction Formation: A person defends against anxiety by adopting behaviours opposite to his\/her true feelings.
\n(v) Rationalisation: A person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behaviour seem reasonable and acceptable.
\nD Stages of Personality\/Psychosexual Development (Five Stage Theory of Personality)<\/strong>
\n1. The core aspects of personality are established early, remain stable throughout life, and can be changed only with great difficulty.
\n2. Problems encountered at any stage may arrest development, and have long-term effect on a person\u2019s life.
\n\"self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology-2\"
\n\u2022 Oedipus Complex (Male)<\/strong>
\nLove for mother, hostility towards the father, and fear of punishment or castration by the father.
\nAccepts his father\u2019s relationship with his mother and models his own behaviour after his father.
\n\u2022 Electra Complex (Female)<\/strong>
\nAttaches her love to the father and tries to symbolically marry him and raise a family.
\nIdentifies with her mother and copies her behaviour as a means of getting (or sharing in) her father\u2019s affection.
\nResolution of Complex<\/strong>
\n1. Identification with same sex parent.
\n2. Giving up sexual feeling for sex parent.
\nFailure of a child to pass successfully through a stage leads to fixation to that stage. The child\u2019s development gets arrested at an earlier stage.
\nRegression occurs when a person\u2019s resolution of problems at any stage of development is less than adequate. People display behaviours typing of a less mature stage of development.
\n\u2022 Post-Freudian Approach Neo-analytic or Post-Freudian View
\n(i) Less prominent role to sexual and aggressive tendencies of the Id.
\n(ii) Expansion of the concept ego.
\n(iii) Emphasis on human qualities of creativity, competence, and problem-solving.
\n1. Carl Jung: Aims and Aspirations are the source of energy<\/strong>
\n(i) Saw human being as guided by aims and aspirations.
\n(ii) Analytical Psychology; personality consists of competing forces and structures within the individual (that must be balanced) rather than between the individual and the demand of society, or between the individual and reality.
\n(iii) Collective unconscious consisting of archetypes or primordial images; not individually acquired, but are inherited\u2014found in myths, dreams and arts of all mankind.
\n(iv) The self-strive for unity and oneness; for achieving which, a person must become increasingly aware of the wisdom available in one\u2019s personal and collective unconscious, and must learn to live harmony with it.
\n2. Karen Horney: Optimism<\/strong>
\n(i) Optimistic view of human life with emphasis on human growth and self actualisation
\n(ii) Challenge to Freud\u2019s treatment of women as inferior\u2014each sex has attributes to be admire by the other, and neither sex can be viewed as superior or inferior; countered that women were more likely to be affected by social and cultural factors than by biological factors.
\n(iii) Psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationship during childhood.
\n(iv) When parent\u2019s behaviour toward a child is indifferent, discouraging and erratic, the child feels insecure and a feeling called basic anxiety results\u2014deep resentment toward parents or basic hostility occur due to this anxiety.
\n3. Alfred Adler: Lifestyle and Social Interest source of energy-attainment of personal goals.<\/strong>
\n(i) Individual Psychology: human behaviour is purposeful and goal directed.
\n(ii) Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create.
\n(iii) Personal goals, goals that provide us with security and help us in overcoming the feelings of inadequacy, are the sources of our motivation.
\n(iv) Every individual suffers from the feeling of inadequacy and guilt, i.e., inferiority complex, which arise from childhood.
\n4. Erich Fromm: The Human Concerns<\/strong>
\n(i) Social orientation viewed human beings as social beings who could be understood in terms of their relationship with others.
\n(ii) Character traits (personality) develop from our experiences with their individuals.
\n(iii) Psychological qualities such as growth from our experiences of potentials resulted from A desire for freedom. And striving for justice and truth.
\n(iv) People\u2019s dominant character traits in a given work as forces in shaping the social processes and the culture itself
\n5. Erik Erikson: Search for Identity<\/strong>
\n(i) Rational, conscious ego processes in personality development.
\n(ii) Development is viewed as a lifelong process, and ego identity is granted a central place in this process.
\n(iii) Identity crisis at the adolescent age\u2014young people must generate for themselves a central perspective and a direction that can give them a meaningful sense of unity and purpose.
\n\u2022 Criticism to Psychodynamic Theories <\/strong>
\n1. The theories are largely based on case studies; they lack a rigorous scientific basis.
\n2. They use small and a typical individual as samples for advancing generalisations.
\n3. The concepts are not properly defined, and it is difficult to submit them to scientific testing.
\n4. Freud has used males as the prototype of all human personality development and overlooked female experiences and perspectives.
\n\u2022 Behavioural Approach <\/strong>
\n1. Focus on learning of stimulus\u2014response connection and their reinforcement.
\n2. Personality is the response of an individual as sample for advancing generalization.
\n3. The concepts are not properly defined, and it is difficult to submit them to scientific testing.
\n4. Freud has used males as the prototype of all human personality development and overlooked females experiences and perspective.
\n\u2022 Cultural Approach<\/strong>
\n1. Considers personality as an adaptation of individuals or group to the demand of their ecology and culture.
\n2. A group\u2019s economic maintenance system plays a vital role in the origin of cultural and behavioural variations.
\n3. The climatic conditions, the nature of terrain of the habitat and the availability of food determine people\u2019s settlement patterns, social structures, division of labour, and other features such as child-rearing practices. Economic maintenance system.
\n4. These elements constitute a child\u2019s overall learning environment\u2014skills, abilities, behavioural styles, and value priorities are viewed as strongly linked to these features.
\n\u2022 Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers<\/strong>
\n1. Fully functioning individual\u2014fulfilment is the motivating force for personality development (people try to express their capabilities, potentials and talents to the fullest extent possible).
\n2. Assumptions about human behaviour:
\n(i) It is goal-oriented and worthwhile.
\n(ii) People (who are innately good) will almost always choose adaptive, self-actualising behaviour.
\n3. People are constantly engaged in the process of actualising their true self.
\n4. Ideal self is the self that a person would like to be\u2014correspondence between ideal and real self = happiness, discrepancy = dissatisfaction.
\n5. People have tendency to maximize self-concept through self-actualisation.
\n6. Personality development is a continuous process.
\n7. Role of social influences in the development of self-concept\u2014positive social conditions lead to a high self-concept and self-esteem, generally flexible and open to new experiences.
\n8. An atmosphere of unconditional positive regard must be created in order to ensure enhancement of people\u2019s self-concept.
\n9. Client-centered therapy that Rogers developed basically attempts to create this condition.
\n\u2022 Abraham Maslow<\/strong>
\n1. Attainment of self-actualisation, a state in which people have reached their own fullest potential.
\n2. Optimistic and positive view of man who has the potentialities for love, joy and to do creative work.
\n3. Human beings are considered free to shape their lives and to self-actualisation.
\n4. Self-actualisation becomes possible by analysing the motivations that govern our life.
\n\u2022 Characteristics of Healthy Person<\/strong>
\n1. Healthy become aware of themselves, their feelings, and their limits; accept themselves, and what they make of their own responsibility; have \u2018the courage to be\u2019.
\n2. They experience the \u2018here-and-now\u2019; are not trapped.
\n3. They do not live in the past or dwell in the future through anxious expectation and distorted defences.
\n\u2022 Assessment of Personality<\/strong>
\nA formal effort aimed at understanding personality of an individual is termed as personality assessment.
\nAssessment refers to the procedures used to evaluate or differentiate people on the basis of certain characteristics.
\nThe goal of assessment is to understand and predict behaviour with minimum error and maximum accuracy.
\nBesides promoting our understanding, assessment is also useful for diagnosis, training, placement, counselling, and other purposes.
\n\"self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology-3\"
\nSelf-Report Measures:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 It was Allport who suggested that the best method to assess a person is by asking her\/him about herself himself.
\n\u2022 Fairly structured measures, based on theory that require subjects to give verbal responses using some kind of rating scale.
\n\u2022 The method requires the subject to objectively report her\/his own feeling with respect to various items. Responses are accepted at face value, scored in quantative terms and interpreted on basis of norms for the test.
\n\u2022 eg. MMPI, EPQ, 16 PF \u2014> Direct technique
\nProjective Techniques:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Direct methods of personality assessment cannot uncover the unconscious part of our behaviour.
\n\u2022 Techniques based on assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her\/his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation. These projections are interpreted by experts.
\n\u2022 E.G. RORSCHACH Inkblot test, thematic apperception test, sentence completion test, Draw-a-person test.
\n\u2014> Indirect technique
\nBesides promoting our understanding assessment is also useful for diagnosis, training, placement, counselling and other purposes.
\nMINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY<\/strong>
\n\u2014> Developed by HATHAWAY and McKINLEY
\n\u2014> Effective in identifying varieties of psychopathology
\n\u2014> Revised version is MMPI-2
\n\u2014> Consists of 567 statements. The subject has to judge each statement as \u2018true\u2019 or \u2018false\u2019.
\n\u2014> The test is divided into 10 sub scales which seek to diagnose hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviant, masculinity-feminity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, mania and social introversion.
\n\u2014>In India, Mallick and Joshi have developed Jodhpur Muitiphasic Personality Inventory. (JMPI)
\nEYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE<\/strong>
\n\u2014> Developed by Eysenck
\n\u2014> Initially assessed 2 dimensions of personality: hitroversion-Extraversion and emotionally stable-emotionally unstable. Emotional stability instability.
\n\u2014>These dimensions are characterised by 32 personality traits.
\n\u2014> Later on, Eysenck added a third dimension, called psychoticism. It is linked to psychopathology-sociability.
\n\u2014> It represents a lack of feeling for others, a tough manner of interacting with people, and a tendency to defy social conventions. A person scoring high on this dimension tends to be hostile, egocentric and antisocial.
\nWORDS THAT MATTER<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Alienation: The feeling of not being part of society or a group.
\n\u2022 Anal stage: The second of Freud\u2019s psycho-sexual stages, which occurs during the child\u2019s second year. Pleasure is focused on the anus and on retention and expulsion of faeces.
\n\u2022 Antisocial Personality: A behavioural disorder characteristics by truancy, delinquency, promiscuity, theft, vandalism, fighting, violation of common social rules, poor work record, impulsiveness, irrationality, aggressiveness, reckless behaviour, and inability to plan ahead. The particular pattern of behaviour varies from individual to individual.
\n\u2022 Archetypes: Jung\u2019s term for the contents of the collective unconscious; images or symbols
\nexpressing the inherited patterns for the organization of experience. \u201d
\n\u2022 Cardinal Trait: According to All port, a single trait that dominates an individual\u2019s entire personality.
\n\u2022 Central Traits: The major trait considered in forming an impression of others.
\n\u2022 Client centred therapy: The theraphentic approach developed by Carl Rogers in which therapist helps clients to clarify their true feelings and come to value who they are.
\n\u2022 Collective Unconscious: Inherited portion of the unconscious, as postulated by Carl Jung. The unconscious shared by all human beings.
\n\u2022 Defence Mechanisms: According to Freud, ways in which the ego unconsciously tries
\nto cope with unacceptable id impulses, as in repression, projection, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalisation, etc.
\n\u2022 Deinstitutionalisation: The transfer of former mental patients from institution into the community.
\n\u2022 Ego: The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside.
\n\u2022 Evolution apprehension: The fear of being evaluated negatively by others who are present (an audience).
\n\u2022 Extraversion: One of the dimensions of personality in which interests are directed outward to nature and other people rather than inwards to the thoughts and feelings of self (introvert).
\n\u2022 Humanistic Approach: The theory that people are basically good and tend to grow to higher levels of functioning.
\n\u2022 Id: According to Freud, the impulsive and unconscious part of the psyche that operates through the pleasure principle toward the gratification of instinctual drives. The Id is conceived as the true unconscious, or the deepest part of the psyche.
\n\u2022 Ideal Self: The kind of person we would like to be. Also called ego-ideal\/idealized self-image.
\n\u2022 Identity: The distinguishing character of the individual\u2014who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of.
\n\u2022 Inferiority Complex: According to Adler, a complex developed by adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world.
\n\u2022 Interview: Verbal interaction between a respondent and a researcher to gather information about the respondent.
\n\u2022 Introversion: One of the dimensions of personality in which interests are directed inwards
\nrather than outwards (extrovert).
\n\u2022 Latency Period: In Freud\u2019s theory of psycho-sexual stages, the period between the phallic stage and the mature genital stage (period from age 4 to 5 to about 12) during which interest in sex is sublimated.
\n\u2022 Libido: Freud introduced this term. In Freud\u2019s treatment, libido was quite simply a direct or indirect sexual expression.
\n\u2022 Meta needs: In the hierarchy of needs, those at the top, such as self-actualisation, self-esteem, aesthetic needs, and the like, which can only be satisfied when lower order needs are satisfied.
\n\u2022 Observational Method: A method in which researcher observes phenomenon that occurs naturally without being able to manipulate.
\n\u2022 Oedipus Complex: The Freudian concept in which the young child develops an intense desire to replace the parent of the same sex and enjoy that affection of the opposite sex parent.
\n\u2022 Personal Identity: Awareness of oneself as a separate, distinct being.
\n\u2022 Phallic Stage: Third of Freud\u2019s psycho-sexual stages (at about age five) when pleasure is focused on the genitals and both males and females experience the \u2018Oedipus complex\u2019.
\n\u2022 Projection: A defence mechanism; the process of unwittingly attributing one\u2019s own traits, attitudes, or subjective processes to others.
\n\u2022 Projective Techniques: The utilization of vague, ambiguous, unstructured stimulus objects or situation in order to elicit the individual\u2019s characteristic modes of perceiving his\/ her world or of behaving in it.
\n\u2022 Psycho-dynamic Approach: Approach that strives for explanation in terms of motives, or drives.
\n\u2022 Psycho-dynamic Therapy: First suggested by Freud; therapy based on the premise that the primary sources of abnormal behaviour are resolved past conflicts and the possibility that unacceptable unconscious impulses will enter consciousness.
\n\u2022 Rationalisation: A defence mechanism that occurs when one attempts to explain failure or shortcoming by attributing them to more acceptable causes.
\n\u2022 Reaction Formation: A defence mechanism in which a person denies a disapproved motive through giving strong expression to its opposite.
\n\u2022 Regression: A defence mechanism that involves a return to behaviours characterized of an earlier stage in life. The term is also used in statistics, in which with the help of correlation prediction is made.
\n\u2022 Repression: A defence mechanism by which people push unacceptable, anxiety provoking thoughts and impulses into the unconscious to avoid confronting them directly. In short it is unconscious forgetting.
\n\u2022 Repression: A defence mechanism by which people push unacceptable, anxiety-provoking thoughts and impulses into the unconscious to avoid confronting them directly. [Unconscious forgetting]\n\u2022 Self-actualization: A state of self-fulfillment in which people realise their highest potential in their own unique way.
\n\u2022 Self-efficacy: Bandura\u2019s term for the individual\u2019s beliefs about his or her own effectiveness; the exception that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
\n\u2022 Self-esteem: The individual\u2019s personal judgment of his or her own worth; one\u2019s attitude toward oneself along a positive-negative dimension.
\n\u2022 Self-regulation: It refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour.
\n\u2022 Social Identity: A person\u2019s definition of who he or she is; includes personal attributes (self\u00acconcept) along with membership in various groups.
\n\u2022 Super Ego: According to Freud, superego is the final personality structure to develop; it represents society\u2019s standards of right and wrong as handed down by person\u2019s parents, teachers, and other important figures.
\n\u2022 Surface Traits: R.B. Cattell\u2019s term for clusters of observable trait elements (response) that seems to go together. Factor analysis of the correlations reveals source traits.
\n\u2022 Trait: A relatively persistent and consistent behaviour pattern manifested in a wide range of circumstances.
\n\u2022 Trait Approach: An approach to personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.
\n\u2022 Type Approach: Explanation of personality based on broad categories which are mostly determined by body constitution and temperament.
\n\u2022 Typology: Ways of categorising individuals into discrete categories or types e.g., Type-A personality.
\n\u2022 Unconscious: In psychoanalytic theory, characterising any activity or mental structure which a person is not aware of.
\n\u2022 Values: Enduring beliefs about ideal modes of behaviour or end-state of existence; attitudes that have a strong evaluative and \u2018ought\u2019 aspect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology FACTS THAT MATTER \u2022 Self refers to the totality of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Get Self And Personality \u2013 \u00a0CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology to infinity learn","custom_permalink":"cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/"},"categories":[92,21],"tags":[],"table_tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSelf And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Get Self And Personality \u2013 \u00a0CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology to infinity learn\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Get Self And Personality \u2013 \u00a0CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology to infinity learn\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-25T10:50:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-01-28T05:53:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32645558880_879f327ef4_o.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@InfinityLearn_\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@InfinityLearn_\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prasad Gupta\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"22 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","description":"Get Self And Personality \u2013 \u00a0CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology to infinity learn","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","og_description":"Get Self And Personality \u2013 \u00a0CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology to infinity learn","og_url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/","og_site_name":"Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya\/","article_published_time":"2022-01-25T10:50:19+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-01-28T05:53:24+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32645558880_879f327ef4_o.png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@InfinityLearn_","twitter_site":"@InfinityLearn_","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Prasad Gupta","Est. reading time":"22 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#organization","name":"Infinity Learn","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/infinitylearn_by_srichaitanya\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/infinity-learn-by-sri-chaitanya\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/InfinityLearnEdu","https:\/\/twitter.com\/InfinityLearn_"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"","contentUrl":"","caption":"Infinity Learn"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#website","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/","name":"Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","description":"Surge","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32645558880_879f327ef4_o.png?v=1642486259","contentUrl":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32645558880_879f327ef4_o.png?v=1642486259","width":736,"height":349},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/","name":"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology - Infinity Learn by Sri Chaitanya","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2022-01-25T10:50:19+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-28T05:53:24+00:00","description":"Get Self And Personality \u2013 \u00a0CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology to infinity learn","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology"}]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#webpage"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#\/schema\/person\/143c89c9c2f5e56ed91f96dde47b0b05"},"headline":"Self And Personality \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology","datePublished":"2022-01-25T10:50:19+00:00","dateModified":"2022-01-28T05:53:24+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#webpage"},"wordCount":4742,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/cbse\/study-material\/self-and-personality-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32645558880_879f327ef4_o.png","articleSection":["CBSE Notes","Study Materials"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#\/schema\/person\/143c89c9c2f5e56ed91f96dde47b0b05","name":"Prasad Gupta","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/200104b443e586c76c46cadc113d931c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/200104b443e586c76c46cadc113d931c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Prasad Gupta"},"url":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/author\/prasad\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23487"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23487"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23487\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23487"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23487"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23487"},{"taxonomy":"table_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/table_tags?post=23487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}