{"id":23540,"date":"2022-01-17T17:52:31","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T12:22:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=23540"},"modified":"2022-02-08T17:51:28","modified_gmt":"2022-02-08T12:21:28","slug":"developing-psychological-skills-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-materials\/developing-psychological-skills\/cbse-notes-for-class-12\/psychology\/","title":{"rendered":"Developing Psychological Skills \u2013  CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>FACTS THAT MATTER<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Psychology is based on certain basic assumptions. It is generally assumed that psychologists have an interest in:<br \/>\n\u2022 People \u2022 Abilities \u2022 Temperament<br \/>\n\u2022 A professional psychologist exhibit a willingness to provide help by using his\/her knowledge.<br \/>\nHe\/she is actively involved in obtaining:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/32918826091_7d5250f4e5_o.png\" alt=\"developing-psychological-skills-cbse-notes-for-class-12-psychology-1\" width=\"699\" height=\"58\" \/><br \/>\n\u2022 A client refers to an individual\/group\/organisation who on his\/her own seeks help, guidance or intervention from a psychologist concerning any problem faced by him\/her.<br \/>\nSkill is proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or developed through training and experience.<br \/>\nThe Webster Dictionary defines it as \u201cpossession of the qualities required to do something done.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 American Psychological Association (1973) identified skills essential for professional psychologists, and recommended at least 3 sets of skills:<br \/>\n\u2022 Assessment of individual differences<br \/>\n\u2022 Behaviour modification skills<br \/>\n\u2022 Counselling and guidance skills<br \/>\n\u2022 Recognization and application of these skills and competencies have strengthened the foundation and practices of applied psychology in a positive way.<\/p>\n<p>Basic skills or competencies which psychologists have identified for becoming an effective psychologist are:<br \/>\n\u2022 General skills \u2022 Observational skills \u2022 Specific skills<br \/>\n\u2022 General skills include personal as well as intellectual skills.<br \/>\nPsychologists as researchers and practitioners do in the field is to pay attention, watch and listen carefully.<br \/>\nA psychologist is like an instrument that absorbs all sources of information from the environment.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Observational skills:<\/strong><br \/>\nA psychologist engages in observing various facets of surroundings including people and varying events.<br \/>\nIn addition to physical surroundings, a psychologist actively engages in observing people<br \/>\nand their actions. This may include the demographic features (age, gender, stature, race, etc.), ways of dealing and relating with others, the pattern of behaviours in the presence of others, etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Major Approaches Observation:<\/strong><br \/>\n(i) Naturalistic Observation: Primary way of learning about the way people behave in a given setting.<br \/>\n(ii) Participant Observation: The observer is actively involved in the process of observing by becoming an active member of the setting where the observation takes place.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Specific Skills:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Core\/Basic to the field of psychological service, e.g.,<br \/>\n\u2014 Psychologists working in clinical settings need to be trained in various techniques of therapeutic interventions, psychological assessment and counselling.<br \/>\n\u2014 Specific skills of competencies are required for a very specialized professional functioning nonetheless, all skill sets do overlap quite a bit.<br \/>\n\u2014 Not exclusive to an area.<\/p>\n<p>Specific Skills and Competencies<br \/>\n(a) Communication Skills<br \/>\n(b) Psychological Testing Skills.<br \/>\n(c) Interviewing Skills Counselling<br \/>\n(d) Counselling Skill.<\/p>\n<p>1. It is generally assumed that psychologists have an interest in people, their abilities and temperaments.<br \/>\n2. A psychologist from any field is required to have an interest in other people and exhibits a willingness to provide help by using his\/her knowledge of the discipline.<br \/>\n3. Client is a special term, may refer to an individual\/group\/organization who on his\/her own seeks help, guidance or intervention from a psychologist concerning any problem faced by him\/her.<br \/>\n4. The term \u2018skill\u2019 may be defined as proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or developed through training and experience.<br \/>\n5. Assessment of individual differences, behaviour modification skills, and counselling and guidance skills.<br \/>\n6. How to differentiate between a pseudo-psychologist and a real psychologist:<br \/>\n(a) Professional training<br \/>\n(b) Educational background<br \/>\n(c) Institutional affiliation<br \/>\n(d) Experience in providing service<br \/>\n(e) Training as a researcher<br \/>\n(f) International of certain professional values<br \/>\n(g) Knowledge of tools used by psychologists<br \/>\n7. Research psychologists and applied psychologists. Some psychologists carry out research to propound or investigate theoretical formulations while others are concerned with our daily life activities and behaviour.<br \/>\n8. The basic skills or competencies which psychologists fall into three broad sections, namely,<br \/>\n(a) General Skills, (b) Observational Skills, (c) Specific Skills.<br \/>\n9. Genetic.<br \/>\n10. Specific Skills.<\/p>\n<p>1. Specific skills and competencies are required for a very specialised professional functioning.<br \/>\n2. They are not exclusive to an area.<br \/>\n3. Relevant specific skills and competencies can be classified as follows:<br \/>\n(a) Communication Skills<br \/>\n(i) Speaking<br \/>\n(ii) Active listening<br \/>\n(iii) Body language or non-verbal skills<br \/>\n(b) Psychological Testing Skills<br \/>\n(c) Interviewing Skills<br \/>\n(d) Counselling Skills<br \/>\n(i) Empathy<br \/>\n(ii) Positive<br \/>\n(iii) Authenticity<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 The general and specific skills form the core competencies essential for a psychologist to act more responsively and ethically. Before entering any professional arena, it, therefore, becomes pertinent for a psychologist to equip himself\/herself with these indispensable competencies.\\<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 General skills include personal as well as intellectual skills. These skills are essential for all professional psychologists, whether they are working in the field of clinical and health psychology, industrial\/organisational, social, educational, or in environmental settings or are acting as consultants.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Specific skills are core\/basic to the field of psychological service. For example, a psychologist working in a clinical setting needs to be trained in various techniques of therapeutic interventions, psychological assessment, and counselling.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 To become an effective psychologist, one needs to have certain characteristics such as competence, integrity, professional and scientific responsibility, respect for people\u2019s rights and dignity, etc.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Observation skills are basic skills and are used by psychologists as a starting point for providing insight into behaviour. The two major approaches to observation are naturalistic observation and participant observation.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Interviewing is a process of face-to-face conversation between two or more people that follows a basic guest ion and answer firmly. It proceeds through three stages which include the warm-up (opening stage), the question and answer (the body), and the closing stage.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Developing the skills of psychological testing is important since tests are important tools used for the assessment of individuals for various purposes. Proper training is required for administration, scoring and interpretation of tests.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Counselling<br \/>\nSpecific skills are core\/basic to the psychological service. Psychologists working in clinical settings need to be trained in various techniques of therapeutic interventions, psychological assessment and counselling.<br \/>\nCounselling involves a helping relationship, that includes some are seeking help and someone willing to give help.<\/p>\n<p>The counsellor understands the elements of counselling like responding to all aspects of personality, acceptance of the client\u2019s perception, confidentiality, voluntary nature and verbal and bon-verbal communication.<\/p>\n<p>Counsellors follow the process of counselling. The qualities that are associated with effective counsellors are<br \/>\n(i) Authenticity (ii) Positive regard for others (iii) Ability to empathise and paraphrase.<br \/>\nPrevention seeks to reduce the incidence of new cases of social and emotional problems in the population.<br \/>\nCommunity Psychology and related community mental health movements try to prevent mental disorders from developing, to seek out, troubled people, to find the social conditions that may be causing human problems and to make available affordable mental health services.<\/p>\n<p><strong>WORDS THAT MATTER<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u2022 Applied Psychology:<\/strong> The practical application of what is known about the mind, brain and behaviour as a result of theoretical and experimental psychology.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Assessment skill:<\/strong> Specific skill of a psychologist to follow systematic testing procedure with an attitude of objectivity, scientific orientation and standardised interpretation.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Client refers to an individual\/group\/organisation who on his\/her own seeks help, guidance or intervention from a psychologist with respect to any problem faced by him\/her.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Cognitive skill:<\/strong> Ability to understand and process mental faculties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Competence:<\/strong> Capability of developing skills.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Counselling:<\/strong> Counselling is a therapeutic process through which individuals are helped to define goals, make decisions and solve problems related to the personal-social- educational and career concerns.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 The term \u2018skill\u2019 may be defined as proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or developed through training and experience.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 General skills are generic in nature and are needed by all psychologists irrespective of their field of specialisation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Ethical observation:<\/strong> Awareness of the ethical (Values) standards and codes during observation i.e. respecting privacy of people.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Naturalistic observation is one of the primary ways of- learning about the way people behave in a given setting.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Participant observation is the variation of the method of naturalistic observations. Here the observer is actively involved in the process of observing by becoming an active member of the setting where the observation takes place.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Communication is a conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and\/or non-verbal message that are sent, received and comprehended.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Interpersonal awareness:<\/strong> Ability to examine and considering one\u2019s own motives, attitudes behaviours and ability to be sensitive to one\u2019s own behaviour and others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Intervention and consultation skills:<\/strong> Skill of helper to deal with the client establishing therapeutic relationship, providing positive regard and choosing right technique to treat the problem.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Intrapersonal communication involves communication with yourself. It encompasses such activities as thought processes, personal decision of making and focusing oneself.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Interpersonal communication refers to the communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communication relationship.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Public communication is characterised by a speaker sending a message to an audience.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Speech only a biological act; the utterance of sound, possibly the use of language.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Paraphrasing allows you to understand how much he\/she understood of what was communicated.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 The consistency between current and past patterns of behaviour, as well as harmony between verbal and non-verbal communication, is termed as congruency in communication.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Psychological assessment is a basic competency required by psychologists. It is systematic testing procedures involving objectivity, standardisation and systematic procedures.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 An interview refers purposeful conversation between two or more people that follows a basic question and answer1 format.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FACTS THAT MATTER \u2022 Psychology is based on certain basic assumptions. It is generally assumed that psychologists have an interest [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Developing Psychological Skills \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Developing Psychological Skills \u2013 CBSE Notes for Class 12 Psychology. CBSE Notes CBSE Notes Psychology NCERT Solutions Psychology. 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