{"id":82077,"date":"2022-01-31T17:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-01T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/?p=82077"},"modified":"2024-02-27T12:43:08","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T07:13:08","slug":"qualitative-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Qualitative Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_37 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"display: none;\"><label for=\"item\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' style='display:block'><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Qualitative_Analysis\" title=\"Qualitative Analysis\">Qualitative Analysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Physical_Examination_Of_The_Salt\" title=\"Physical Examination Of The Salt\">Physical Examination Of The Salt<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Dry_Heating_Test\" title=\"Dry Heating Test\">Dry Heating Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Charcoal_Cavity_Test\" title=\"Charcoal Cavity Test\">Charcoal Cavity Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Procedure\" title=\"Procedure\">Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Cobalt_Nitrate_Test\" title=\"Cobalt Nitrate Test\">Cobalt Nitrate Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Procedure-2\" title=\"Procedure\">Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Flame_Test\" title=\"Flame Test\">Flame Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/infinitylearn.com\/surge\/study-material\/qualitative-analysis\/#Procedure-3\" title=\"Procedure\">Procedure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Qualitative_Analysis\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\">Qualitative Analysis<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Analytical chemistry deals with qualitative and quantitative analysis of the substances. In inorganic qualitative analysis, the given compound is analyzed for the radicals, i.e., cation and the anion, that it contains. Physical procedures like noting the colour, smell or taste of the substance have very limited scope because of the corrosive, poisonous nature of the chemical compounds. Therefore, what one has to resort to is the chemical analysis of the substance that has to be carried out along with the physical examination of the compound under consideration.<br \/>\nThe common procedure for testing any unknown sample is to make its solution and then test this solution for the ions present in it. There are separate procedures for detecting cations and anions, therefore qualitative analysis is studied under cation analysis and anion analysis. The systematic procedure for qualitative analysis of an inorganic salt involves the following steps :<br \/>\n(a) Preliminary tests<br \/>\n1. Physical appearance (colour and smell).<br \/>\n2. Dry heating test.<br \/>\n3. Charcoal cavity test.<br \/>\n4. Charcoal cavity and cobalt nitrate test.<br \/>\n5. Flame test.<br \/>\n6. Borax bead test.<br \/>\n7. Dilute acid test.<br \/>\n8. Potassium permanganate test.<br \/>\n9. Concentrated sulphuric acid test.<br \/>\n10. Tests for sulphate, phosphate and borate.<br \/>\n(b) Wet tests for acid radical.<br \/>\n(c) Wet tests (group analysis) for basic radical.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_Examination_Of_The_Salt\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Physical Examination Of The Salt<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The physical examination of the unknown salt involves the study of colour, smell and density. The test is not much reliable, but is certainly helpful in identifying some coloured cations. Characteristic smell helps to identify some ions such as ammonium, acetate and sulphide. (See Table 9.1 on next page)<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Note :<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n1. If you have touched any salt, wash your hands at onte. It may be corrosive to skin.<br \/>\n2. Never taste any salt, it may be poisonous. Salts of arsenic and mercury are highly poisonous.<br \/>\n3. Salts like sodium sulphide, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, develop a yellow colour.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 9.1. Physical Examination<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Experiment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Observations<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Inference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1. Colour<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Blue or Bluish green<\/p>\n<p>Light green<\/p>\n<p>Dark brown<\/p>\n<p>Green<\/p>\n<p>Pink<\/p>\n<p>Light pink, flesh colour or earthy colour<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>White<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Cu<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Fe<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Fe<sup>3+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Ni<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Co<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Mn<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Shows the absence of Cu<sup>2+<\/sup>,<\/p>\n<p>Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>, Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>, Ni<sup>2+<\/sup>, Mn<sup>2+<\/sup>, CO<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. Smell<\/p>\n<p>Take a pinch of the<\/p>\n<p>salt between your<\/p>\n<p>fingers and rub with<\/p>\n<p>a drop of water<\/td>\n<td>Ammoniacal smell<\/p>\n<p>Vinegar like smell<\/p>\n<p>Smell like that of rotten eggs<\/td>\n<td>NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>CH3COO<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>S<sup>2-<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3. Density<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>(i) Heavy<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Light fluffy powder<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Salt of Pb<sup>2+<\/sup>, or Ba<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Carbonate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. Deliquescence<\/td>\n<td>Salt absorbs moisture and<\/p>\n<p>becomes paste like<\/td>\n<td>(i) If coloured, may be<\/p>\n<p>Cu(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>, FeCl<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) If colourless, may be<\/p>\n<p>Zn(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>, chlorides of<\/p>\n<p>Zn<sup>2+<\/sup>, Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dry_Heating_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Dry Heating Test<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This test is performed by heating a small amount of salt in a dry test tube. Quite valuable information can be gathered by carefully performing and noting the observations here. On heating some salts undergo decomposition thus evolving the gases or may undergo characteris\u00actic changes in the colour of residue. These observations are tabulated below (Table 9.2) along with the inferences that you can draw.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 9.2. Dry Heating Test<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Observations<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Inference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">1. Gas evolved<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(a) <strong>Colourless and odourless gas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>2<\/sub> gas turns lime water milky<\/p>\n<p>(b<strong>) Colourless gas with odour<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(i) H<sub>2<\/sub>S gas\u2014Smells like rotten eggs, turns<\/p>\n<p>lead acetate paper black.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) SO<sub>2<\/sub> gas\u2014Smells like burning sulphur,<\/p>\n<p>turns acidified potassium dichromate paper green<\/p>\n<p>(iii) HCl gas\u2014Pungent smell, white fumes with<\/p>\n<p>ammonia, white ppt with silver nitrate solution.<\/p>\n<p>(iv) Acetic acid vapours\u2014Characteristic vin-<\/p>\n<p>egar like smell.<\/p>\n<p>(v) NH<sub>3 <\/sub>gas\u2014Characteristic smell, turns<\/p>\n<p>Nessler\u2019s solution brown.<\/p>\n<p>(c) <strong>Coloured gases<\/strong>\u2014Pungent smell<\/p>\n<p>(i) NO<sub>2<\/sub> gas\u2014Reddish brown, turns ferrous<\/p>\n<p>sulphate solution black.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Cl<sub>2<\/sub> gas\u2014Greenish yellow, turns starch io-<\/p>\n<p>dide paper blue.<\/p>\n<p>(iii) Br<sub>2<\/sub> vapours\u2014Reddish brown, turns starch<\/p>\n<p>paper orange yellow.<\/p>\n<p>(iv) I<sub>2<\/sub> vapours\u2014Dark violet, turns starch paper<\/p>\n<p>blue.<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup> or  C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hydrated  S<sup>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>NO<sup>2-<\/sup> or NO<sup>3-<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Br <sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>2. Sublimate formed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>(a) White sublimate<\/p>\n<p>(b) Black sublimate accompanied by violet<\/p>\n<p>vapours<\/td>\n<td>NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>I<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>3. Decrepitation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The salt decrepitates.<\/td>\n<td>A salt having no water of crystallisation. For example,<\/p>\n<p>Pb(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>, NaCl, KBr.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>4. Swelling<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The salt swells up into voluminous mass.<\/td>\n<td>PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>3-<\/sup> indicated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">5. Residue<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(i) Yellow when hot white when cold<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Brown when hot and yellow when cold<\/p>\n<p>(iii) White salt becomes black on heating<\/p>\n<p>(iv) White residue, glows on heating<\/p>\n<p>(v) Original salt blue becomes white on heating<\/p>\n<p>(vi) Coloured salt becomes brown or black on<\/p>\n<p>heating.<\/td>\n<td>Zn<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Pb<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO<sup>\u2013<\/sup> indicated<\/p>\n<p>Ba<sup>2+<\/sup>, Sr<sup>2+<\/sup>, Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>, Mg<sup>2+<\/sup>, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrated CuSO<sub>4<\/sub> indicated<\/p>\n<p>CO<sup>2+<\/sup>, Cu<sup>2+<\/sup>, Mn<sup>2+<\/sup> indicated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n1. Use a perfectly dry test-tube for performing this test. While drying a test-tube, keep it in slanting<br \/>\nposition with its mouth slightly downwards so that the drops of water which condense on the upper cooler parts, do not fall back on the hot bottom, as this may break the tube. ,<br \/>\n2. For testing a gas, a filter paper strip dipped in the appropriate reagent is brought near the mouth of the test tube or alternatively the reagent is taken in a gas-detector and the gas is passed through it [Fig. 9.1].<\/p>\n<p>3. Do not heat the tube strongly at one point as it may break.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Charcoal_Cavity_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Charcoal Cavity Test<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This test is based on the fact that metallic carbonates when heated in a charcoal cavity decom\u00acpose to give corresponding oxides. The oxides appear as coloured incrustation or residue in the cavity. In certain cases, the oxides formed partially undergo reduction to the metallic state producing metallic beads or scales.<br \/>\nExamples :<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedure\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Procedure<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>While performing charcoal cavity test, make a small cavity on a charcoal block with the help of borer as shown in Fig. 9.2. Mix small amount of salt with double its quantity of sodium carbonate. Place it in the cavity made on the block of charcoal. Moisten with a drop of water and direct the reducing flame of the bunsen burner on the cavity by means of a mouth blowpipe as shown in Fig. 9.3. Heat strongly for sometime and draw inference according to the Table 9.3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 9.3 Charcoal Cavity Test<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Observations<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\"><strong>Inference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Incrustation or Residue<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Metallic bead<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hot<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Cold<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Yellow<\/td>\n<td>White<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>Zn<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brown<\/td>\n<td>Yellow<\/td>\n<td>Grey bead which marks the paper<\/td>\n<td>Pb<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>Red beads or scales<\/td>\n<td>Cu<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>White residue which glows<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>Ba<sup>2+<\/sup>, Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>, Mg<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Black<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<td>Nothing definite\u2014generally coloured salt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>To obtain a reducing flame with the help of a mouth blow pipe, make the bunsen burner flame luminous by closing the air holes of the burner. Keep the nozzle of the blow pipe just outside the flame (Fig. 10.4) and blow gently on to the cavity.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cobalt_Nitrate_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Cobalt Nitrate Test<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This test is applied to those salts which leave white residue in charcoal cavity test.<br \/>\nThe test is based on the fact that cobalt nitrate decomposes on heating to give cobalt oxide, CoO. This combines with the metallic-oxides, present as white residue in the charcoal cavity forming coloured compounds. For example, when a magnesium salt undergoes charcoal cavity test, a white residue of MgO is left behind. This on treatment with cobalt nitrate and subsequent heating forms a double salt of the formula MgO.CoO which is pink in colour. In addition to metallic oxides, phosphates and borates also react with cobalt oxide to form Co<sub>3<\/sub>(PO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2 <\/sub><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">and Co<sub>3<\/sub>(BO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub> which are blue in colour.<\/span><br \/>\nSome of the reactions involved are given below :<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedure-2\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Procedure<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Put one or two drops of cobalt nitrate solution on the white residue left after charcoal cavity test. Heat for one or two minutes by means of a blow pipe in oxidising flame. Observe the colour of the residue and draw inferences from Table 9.4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 9.4. Cobalt Nitrate-Charcoal Cavity Test<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Color of the Residue<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Inference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Green<\/td>\n<td>Zn<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pink<\/td>\n<td>Mg<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Blue<\/td>\n<td>PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>3-<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Black<\/td>\n<td>It is due to the formation of CoO. No definite<\/p>\n<p>indication.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n1. Perform this test only if the residue in the charcoal cavity test is white.<br \/>\n2. Do not put more than 2 drops of cobalt nitrate on the white residue. Excess cobalt nitrate may decompose to give cobalt oxide which is black in colour.<br \/>\n3. Use dilute solution of cobalt nitrate.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flame_Test\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Flame Test<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Certain salts on reacting with cone. HCl from their chlorides, that are volatile in non-luminous flame. Their vapours impart characteristic colour to the flame. This colour can give reliable information of the presence of certain basic radicals.<br \/>\nFor proceeding to this test, the paste of the mixture with cone. HCl is introduced into the flame with the help of platinum wire (Fig. 9.5).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedure-3\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Procedure<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Clean the platinum wire by dipping it in some cone. HCl taken on a watch glass and then heating strongly in the flame. This process is repeated till the wire imparts no colour to the flame. Now prepare a paste of the salt with cone. HCl on a clean watch glass. Place small amount of this paste on platinum wire loop and introduce it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the flame with naked eye and through blue glass.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 9.5. Flame Test<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Color of the Flame<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Inference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>With naked eye<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Through blue glass  <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1. Brick-red (not persistent)<\/td>\n<td>Light yellowish green<\/td>\n<td>Ca<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. Crimson-red (persistent)<\/td>\n<td>Crimson<\/td>\n<td>Sr<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3. Persistent grassy-green<\/p>\n<p>(appears after prolonged<\/p>\n<p>heating)<\/td>\n<td>Green<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Ba<sup>2+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. Bright-bluish green<\/td>\n<td>Visible<\/td>\n<td>Cu<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5. Green flashes<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Zn<sup>2+<\/sup> and Mn<sup>2+<\/sup> salts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6. Dull bluish-white<\/td>\n<td>White<\/td>\n<td>Pb<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Note:<\/span><\/strong> Sodium salts impart golden yellow colour to the flame while potassium salts impart pink violet colour. However, in the present context Na<sup>+<\/sup> and K<sup>+<\/sup> salts are not in the syllabus.<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qualitative Analysis Analytical chemistry deals with qualitative and quantitative analysis of the substances. 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