Vertebrates circulate blood, a fluid connective tissue, throughout their bodies to transport essential substances to cells and waste substances away from them. Lymph (tissue fluid) is another fluid that is used for the transport of certain substances. A fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements make up blood. The formed elements are red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs, leucocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Human blood is classified into A, B, AB, and O systems based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens, A and B, on RBCs. Another blood grouping method is based on the presence or absence of another antigen on the surface of RBCs known as the Rhesus factor (Rh). Tissue fluid is a fluid derived from blood that fills the spaces between cells in tissues. Except for the protein content and the formed elements, this fluid is known as lymph is nearly identical to blood.
Our bodies are made up of cells. Cells require nutrients and oxygen to survive, as well as waste removal. Hormones must also be transported from the endocrine glands that secrete them to their target cells. This work of transporting nutrients, gases, wastes, and other substances from one part of our body to another is done by blood (body fluids) and is referred to as circulation. Any fluid produced by a living organism is referred to as body fluids.
You’ve learned that all living cells require nutrients, oxygen, and other essential substances. Furthermore, waste or harmful substances produced must be removed on a continuous basis in order for tissues to function properly. It is therefore critical to have efficient mechanisms for moving these substances into and out of cells. Different animal groups have evolved different modes of transportation. Simple organisms, such as sponges and coelenterates, circulate water from their surroundings through their body cavities, allowing cells to exchange these substances. More complex organisms transport such materials within their bodies using special fluids. Most higher organisms, including humans, use blood as their primary body fluid for this purpose. Lymph, another body fluid, also aids in the transport of certain substances.
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In humans, the body fluids can be classified into two major types according to the location
1. Extracellular fluid – This is a type of bodily fluid that exists outside of the cell (s). In humans, it makes up roughly 26% of total body water composition. Intravascular fluid (blood plasma), interstitial fluid, lymph, and transcellular fluid are all components of extracellular fluid. The most abundant fluid is interstitial fluid, which fills the spaces between cells, while the least abundant fluid is transcellular fluid, which fills the spaces of chambers produced by epithelial cell linings.
2. Intracellular fluid – This is the bodily fluid that is contained within a cell (s). In humans, intracellular fluid accounts for 67% of total body water. Water, dissolved ions, and other molecules make up this substance.
RBCs are oxygen transporters that are highly specialized. A healthy adult male has about 5.4 million RBCs per microlitre of blood, while a healthy adult female has about 4.8 million. The oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin, which is also a pigment that gives blood its red color, is found in the cytoplasm of RBCs. The nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are absent in mature RBCs. The form of RBCs is biconcave.
Unlike RBCs, WBCs contain no hemoglobin and have nuclei. WBCs are significantly less than red blood cells, with approximately 5000-10000 cells per microlitre of blood. Granular or agranular WBCs are the two types of WBCs.
Platelets (Thrombocytes) are tiny pieces of megakaryocytes rather than whole cells. Platelets form a platelet plug to help stop blood from leaking out of broken blood vessels.
Blood is a complex connective tissue that is made up of two parts: Plasma is the extracellular fluid that makes up around 55 %of the volume of blood. Water makes up 91–92% of plasma, proteins make up 7%, inorganic materials make up 0.9%, glucose makes up 0.1%, and the rest is made up of other organic and inorganic compounds. Plasma's second-largest constituent is proteins.
Vena cava.
Circulatory fluid is blood and its components are hemoglobin, RBC, WBC.
Systemic circulation is the network of blood vessels that assures the flow of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all bodily organs and the return of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
The circulatory system, which is connected to the lungs via arteries and veins, forms the circulatory system's pathway. Pulmonary circulation is the process of flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. The heart receives regular oxygenated blood, whereas the pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It is the blood's path through arteries from the aorta, which rises from the heart to the right atrium.