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By Shailendra Singh
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Updated on 16 May 2025, 12:22 IST
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they refer to different stages in the progression of a disease. In this article, we will provide a detailed explanation of what HIV and AIDS are, how they are connected, and the factors that contribute to their spread. We will also discuss symptoms, prevention, and treatment options.
HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (T cells), which are a type of white blood cell. These cells play a crucial role in defending the body against infections and diseases. HIV weakens the immune system by destroying these cells, making it harder for the body to fight off infections.
The virus primarily targets and infiltrates the CD4 cells, using them to replicate itself. As a result, the body’s ability to combat various illnesses and infections is severely compromised. This increases the risk of opportunistic infections and various cancers.
Key Points about HIV:
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the final stage of an HIV infection, where the immune system is severely damaged. Not everyone with HIV will develop AIDS, especially with proper medical treatment. AIDS is characterized by a severely weakened immune system, making the body vulnerable to a variety of infections and certain cancers.
AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood, or when the person develops specific opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of severe immune system damage. At this stage, the individual is at a much higher risk of death if not treated.
HIV and AIDS are closely linked but distinct. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. If left untreated, HIV progresses over time, and the immune system becomes increasingly compromised, leading to the development of AIDS. However, with early diagnosis and proper treatment, the progression from HIV to AIDS can be halted or slowed dramatically.
HIV is transmitted through the exchange of certain bodily fluids, including:
The virus enters the body when these fluids come into contact with a mucous membrane or a permeable barrier, such as those found in the genital area, rectum, or mouth.
An important concept in HIV treatment is the idea that if an HIV-positive person’s viral load is undetectable, the virus cannot be transmitted to others. With consistent antiretroviral therapy (ART), the amount of HIV in the blood can become so low that it is undetectable through standard blood tests. This is known as undetectable viral load, and studies have shown that individuals with undetectable HIV levels cannot transmit the virus to their partners.
The early stages of HIV infection may not show noticeable symptoms. However, as the virus multiplies and weakens the immune system, symptoms may develop. Common early symptoms of HIV include:
Over time, if HIV is left untreated, these symptoms worsen and lead to more severe health problems, such as chronic infections and cancers.
When HIV progresses to AIDS, the immune system is severely compromised. Symptoms associated with AIDS include:
HIV is often misunderstood, with many people having misconceptions about how the virus spreads. Let’s clarify what doesn’t spread HIV:
There are several effective methods to prevent HIV transmission:
While there is no cure for HIV, the condition can be managed with proper treatment. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV, which involves taking a combination of medications to reduce the viral load to undetectable levels. ART helps preserve the immune system and prevents the progression of HIV to AIDS.
If you suspect you have been exposed to HIV, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Taking PEP within 72 hours can help prevent the virus from taking hold.
Understanding the differences between HIV and AIDS, along with the transmission routes and prevention strategies, is crucial in combating the spread of this virus. With proper education, early diagnosis, and access to medical care, individuals living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. Remember, with the right treatment and preventive measures, HIV can be managed effectively, and the risk of transmission can be minimized.
HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus AIDS-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HIV can only be spread through bodily fluids containing a specific quantity of the virus. If a person's HIV levels are undetectable, the virus cannot spread to another person. The fact that undetectable quantities of HIV are untransmittable is sometimes referred to as a shorthand: When the amount of HIV in the body is so low that a blood test cannot detect it, doctors consider it undetectable.