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By Shailendra Singh
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Updated on 4 Jun 2025, 15:46 IST
When it comes to excelling in chemistry, having a strong foundation is key. Understanding the complex world of chemical reactions, tiny building blocks of substances, and the intricate elements might seem overwhelming at times. This is where the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry become invaluable, helping students navigate the subject with ease.
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has long been a trusted provider of quality study materials. NCERT Chemistry Class 12 solutions are designed specifically to assist students in mastering every aspect of chemistry. Whether you’re struggling with complex concepts, practicing problems, or preparing for your exams, these solutions are here to guide you through your chemistry journey.
You can easily access these solutions in both books and as NCERT Chemistry Class 12 PDF files. This flexibility allows you to learn at your own pace, whenever and wherever suits you best. Whether you’re looking to build a solid understanding of chemistry or aiming for top marks, these solutions cater to all types of learners.
NCERT Solutions Class 12 cover a wide range of topics from the basics of chemical reactions to the deeper understanding of elements and compounds. Each chapter is explained in a simple, easy-to-follow way, ensuring that no topic feels too difficult to grasp. Whether you're focusing on a specific chapter or need guidance for the entire CBSE Class 12 Chemistry syllabus, the chemistry Class 12 NCERT PDF has everything you need. With these chemistry NCERT solutions Class 12, you can approach your studies with confidence and clarity.
“The Solid State” is a chapter in Class 12 Chemistry that explores the fundamental characteristics and properties of solids. Solids are one of the three classical states of matter, alongside liquids and gases. In this chapter, the focus is on the structure, types, and properties of solids.
Structure of Solids: Solids have a closely packed arrangement of particles. The arrangement can be crystalline, where particles are ordered in a repeating pattern, or amorphous, where particles lack long-range order. The concept of unit cells and crystal lattices is introduced to describe the arrangement of particles in a crystalline solid.
Types of Solids: Solids are categorized into different types based on the nature of their bonding and arrangement of particles. Ionic solids consist of positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic forces. Covalent network solids involve a network of covalent bonds throughout the structure. Metallic solids are composed of positively charged metal cations surrounded by a “sea” of delocalized electrons. Molecular solids are formed by individual molecules held together by intermolecular forces.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 The Solid State at Infinity Learn
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. It consists of a solvent (the component present in larger quantity) and one or more solutes (components dissolved in the solvent). Solutions are an integral part of everyday life and are encountered in various contexts, from beverages to industrial processes.
Key Concepts
Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions: A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature. An unsaturated solution has room for more solute, while a supersaturated solution contains more solute than it would normally dissolve under that condition.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions at Infinity Learn
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. It explores how chemical reactions can generate electricity (as in batteries) or how electricity can drive chemical reactions (as in electrolysis). This field is crucial in various applications ranging from batteries that power our devices to industrial processes like electroplating and the production of chemicals.
In more detail, electrochemistry involves the study of redox reactions (reduction-oxidation reactions), where electrons are transferred between species. A half-cell is a compartment that contains an electrode immersed in an electrolyte solution. In a redox reaction, one half-cell undergoes oxidation (loses electrons) while the other undergoes reduction (gains electrons). The anode is where oxidation occurs, releasing electrons into the circuit, and the cathode is where reduction occurs, accepting those electrons.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3 Electrochemistry at Infinity Learn
Chemical Kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of rates of chemical reactions and the factors that influence these rates. It aims to understand how and why reactions occur at different speeds. The key concepts in chemical kinetics include reaction rates, rate laws, reaction mechanisms, and factors affecting reaction rates.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4 Chemical Kinetics at Infinity Learn
Surface Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, usually between a solid and a gas or liquid. It explores the interactions, reactions, and properties of substances occurring at surfaces and interfaces. This field is important because the surface properties of materials often significantly differ from their bulk properties due to the high surface area-to-volume ratio.
At the heart of surface chemistry are processes like adsorption and catalysis. Adsorption is the accumulation of molecules or ions at the surface of a substance. It can be classified into two types: physisorption, involving weak van der Waals forces, and chemisorption, involving stronger chemical bonds. Adsorption plays a crucial role in various applications like gas masks, catalysis, and chromatography.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5 Surface Chemistry at Infinity Learn
This chapter delves into the fundamental principles and methods employed for the extraction of metals from their ores. It explores the processes that allow us to isolate pure metals from complex compounds present in nature. The main goal of these processes is to obtain metals in their elemental form, which is crucial for their various applications.
The chapter covers several key concepts:
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements at Infinity Learn
The chapter “The p-Block Elements” in Class 12 Chemistry focuses on the chemistry of elements located in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. These elements exhibit diverse properties due to the presence of valence electrons in their p-orbitals. Let’s delve into the details of this chapter:
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements at Infinity Learn
The chapter “The d- and f-Block Elements” in the NCERT Class 12 Chemistry textbook focuses on transition and inner transition elements present in the periodic table. These elements are situated in the d-block (transition metals) and f-block (lanthanides and actinides) regions.
Transition Elements (d-Block):
Transition elements are characterized by their partially filled d-orbitals, which result in their unique properties. They typically exhibit multiple oxidation states, forming colored compounds due to d-d electron transitions. They often act as good catalysts due to their ability to adopt various oxidation states. The chapter explores their electronic configurations, trends in atomic and ionic sizes, ionization energies, and various properties like magnetic behavior and formation of complexes. The practical importance of transition metals in industries and biological systems is also discussed.
Lanthanides and Actinides (f-Block):
Lanthanides (from atomic number 57 to 71) and actinides (from atomic number 89 to 103) are collectively referred to as inner transition elements. They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table to conserve its width. These elements have f-orbitals in their electronic configurations. The chapter delves into the electronic structure, properties, and uses of lanthanides, focusing on their similar properties and applications. Actinides, including uranium and thorium, are radioactive elements with diverse applications, particularly in nuclear energy and research.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 The d- and f- block elements at Infinity Learn
Coordination compounds are complex molecules consisting of a central metal atom or ion bonded to surrounding molecules or ions called ligands. These compounds showcase a unique bonding pattern where the metal center donates electrons to form coordinate covalent bonds with the ligands. The metal atom serves as a Lewis acid, while the ligands act as Lewis bases. This interaction results in the formation of a coordination sphere.
The coordination number of a metal in a complex refers to the number of ligands directly bonded to it. Common coordination numbers include 2, 4, and 6. Isomerism is often observed in coordination compounds due to the different spatial arrangements of ligands.
Nomenclature of coordination compounds involves naming the ligands first, followed by the central metal ion’s name (with Roman numerals indicating its charge if necessary). In coordination spheres, ligands can be classified as monodentate (forming a single bond), bidentate (forming two bonds), etc.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds at Infinity Learn
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes are classes of organic compounds that contain halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to carbon atoms in hydrocarbon molecules. These compounds play significant roles in both synthetic chemistry and industrial applications due to their diverse reactivity and versatility.
Haloalkanes are characterized by the presence of halogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in an alkane framework. They are categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon atoms directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen. Haloalkanes undergo various reactions, such as nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions, where halogen atoms can be replaced by other functional groups.
Haloarenes, on the other hand, are aromatic compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms in an aromatic ring are replaced by halogen atoms. Due to the presence of the halogen atom, haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes. The halogen substituents can influence the reactivity and properties of the aromatic ring, and they are often used as precursors for synthesis of various organic compounds.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes at Infinity Learn
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers at Infinity Learn
Certainly! Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are a group of organic compounds known for their distinct functional groups and wide-ranging applications.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12 Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids at Infinity Learn
Amines are a class of organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with organic substituents. Amines can be classified into three main categories: primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) amines, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups.
Primary amines have one hydrogen atom substituted by an organic group, secondary amines have two such substitutions, and tertiary amines have all three hydrogen atoms replaced. Aromatic amines contain an amino group attached to an aromatic ring.
Amines display diverse properties due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. They can act as bases, readily accepting protons to form ammonium ions. This basicity is influenced by the electron-donating nature of substituent groups. Amines also participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions, allowing them to be versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 13 Amines at Infinity Learn
Biomolecules are complex organic molecules that play crucial roles in various biological processes. They are the building blocks of life and are responsible for the structure, function, and regulation of living organisms. Biomolecules can be broadly categorized into four main classes: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14 Biomolecules at Infinity Learn
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units known as monomers. They play a pivotal role in our daily lives, as they are present in a vast array of materials, ranging from plastics and fibers to natural substances like proteins and DNA. The study of polymers falls under the branch of chemistry known as polymer chemistry.
Polymers can be classified into two main types: synthetic polymers and natural polymers. Synthetic polymers are artificially created through polymerization processes, where monomers are linked together to form long chains. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Natural polymers, on the other hand, exist in nature and include proteins, nucleic acids, and cellulose.
The properties of polymers depend on factors such as the type of monomers, the arrangement of monomers in the polymer chain, and the presence of cross-links. Polymers can be amorphous or crystalline, and their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties can vary widely.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15 Polymers at Infinity Learn
“Chemistry in Everyday Life” delves into the practical applications of chemistry in various aspects of our daily existence. It focuses on how chemical compounds are utilized to enhance our health and well-being, improve food quality, and mitigate environmental issues.
One of the primary areas discussed is pharmaceuticals. The chapter elaborates on how chemical compounds are developed, tested, and used as medicines to treat various illnesses. It covers topics like drug design, pharmacokinetics (how drugs move through the body), and the role of enzymes in drug interactions. The concept of enantiomers is explored, highlighting the importance of chirality in drug effectiveness.
The chapter also looks at food additives and preservatives. It explains how chemicals are employed to improve the taste, appearance, and shelf life of food products. Additionally, it discusses the potential risks and benefits of using these additives in our diet.
Also, access the following resources for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life at Infinity Learn
Infinity Learn’s NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry offer several advantages that can make your study sessions more effective and improve your exam performance. Here are the key benefits of using these solutions:
By using Infinity Learn’s NCERT Solutions Class 12, you’ll build a solid grasp of the subject, improve your problem-solving skills, and feel more confident going into your exams.
NCERT Solutions break down complex concepts into simpler steps, making it easier for students to grasp difficult topics. The solutions often include diagrams, examples, and real-world applications, enhancing the understanding of abstract concepts.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry can be found in various sources, including textbooks, official NCERT websites, Infinity Learn educational platforms, and online forums. You can also find them in study guides or educational apps designed to provide supplementary materials.
Yes, solving questions from reference books can provide you with more practice and exposure to a variety of question formats. It can also help you challenge yourself with higher-level problems, further strengthening your understanding of the subject.
Absolutely. NCERT Solutions are concise and well-structured, making them great for last-minute revision. You can quickly review important concepts, formulas, and problem-solving techniques using these solutions.
Yes, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry are available for free on Infinity Learn educational websites, platforms, and forums. Official NCERT websites also provide these solutions at no cost.