[[1]] and[[2]] were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.

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Detailed Solution

Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and Russia. In several European nations in 1848, poor, jobless, and starving peasants and workers revolted, while at the same time, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was taking place. Although conservative forces were victorious in suppressing liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. The Monarchs realised that only by concessions to liberal-nationalist revolutionaries could the cycles of revolution and repression be broken. As a result, the autocratic kingdoms of Central and Eastern Europe started putting the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815 into practice in the years after 1848. As a result, serfdom and bonded labour were outlawed in Russia and the Habsburg dominions.

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