[[1]] argued that Brahmans were heirs of Aryan invaders from the north who had conquered southern lands from the original inhabitants of the region – the indigenous Dravidian races.

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The non-Brahman movement argued that Brahmans were heirs of Aryan invaders from the north who had conquered the southern lands from the original inhabitants of the region – the indigenous Dravidian races. Castes created the non-Brahman movement from non-Brahman religions that had access to education, wealth, and influence. They claimed that Brahmans were descended from Aryan conquerors from the north who had gained control of southern areas from the Dravidian races that had previously inhabited them. Lower caste leaders' vehement statements, publications, and movements prompted higher caste nationalist leaders to reflect and critically analyse themselves. However, organisations such as Bengal's Brahman Sabha replied to traditional Hindu society. These organisations aimed to defend caste differences as a fundamental feature of Hinduism and show how the scriptures sanctified them.

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