[[1]] companies established Black Towns.

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European companies established Black Towns.
Around the seventeenth century, European countries began searching for textiles and spices. The Dutch, English, and French formed East India Companies in India as they wished to expand their commercial engagements in the east. Initially, Indian traders such as Virji Vora and Mulla Abdul Ghafur, who owned multiple ships, competed with European traders. European Companies exploited their naval powers to be superior traders at sea, and Indians gradually became agents of the foreigners. The English finally emerged as a superpower at sea in the Indian subcontinent. A hike in demand for textiles opened up job opportunities such as weaving, spinning, bleaching, and dyeing. However, craftspersons became less independent during this time and had to obey their European masters when doing their work. They had to reproduce designs provided by the Company agents. European companies moved merchants and artisans, such as weavers, into the Black Towns. The native “black” traders and craftspersons were accommodated here while the “whites” resided in Fort St. William in Calcutta or Fort St. George in Madras.

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