(a) Define transgene and transgenic organism.

(b) Write a note on utility of transgenic crop plants.

(c) How PCR is a useful tool for early diagnosis of an infection disease?

OR

(a) How genetically engineered lymphocytes into ADA deficiency patient not a permanent cure?

(b) What are vaccines?

(c) Describe the role of ELISA in detecting the disease.

(a) Transgene is the gene that is transferred from the source organism to the target organism by the means of genetic engineering.

A transgenic organism contains foreign genes that have been transferred from another organism by the technique of genetic engineering and the organism is known as a genetically modified organism.

(b) Uses of transgenic crops are

i. Increase in crop yield.

ii. Increase the resistance to insects and decrease the use of pesticides.

iii. Improve the quality of crops by inserting required traits.

iv. Resistance to the herbicide.

v. Abiotic stress resistance.

vi. Increase the productivity of industrial products.

(c) PCR helps in the detection of a minute quantity of genetic material that helps in the early diagnosis of pathogens and diseases with accuracy.

OR

(a) Genetically engineered lymphocytes into ADA deficiency patients are not a permanent cure because the cell is not mortal and it required periodic fusion of lymphocytes containing ADA-cDNA.

(b) Vaccines are biological preparation that activates immunity against a particular pathogen when the body encountered it again. Biological preparation may contain inactivated or weakened form of the causative agent.

(c) ELISA is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used for antibodies in the blood which was formed in response to the pathogen.