A group which deactivates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution but which directs the incoming group principally to the o- and p-positions is

Electron accepting groups which make the substitution difficult are known of deactivating groups. The group or substituent already present on the ring also decides the position of incoming group.
Ortho- and para-directing groups are as follow

$-{\mathrm{CH}}_3,{\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_5\left(-\mathrm{R}\right),\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}}-{\mathrm{NH}}_2,-\mathrm{OH},\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\mathrm{halogens},\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\left(\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{I}\right)$