A special metal S conducts electricity without any resistance. A closed wire loop, made of S, does not allow any change in flux through itself by inducing a suitable current to generate a compensating flux. The induced current in the loop cannot decay due to its zero resistance. This current gives rise to a magnetic moment which in turn repels the source of magnetic field or flux. Consider such a loop, of radius a, with its centre at the origin. A magnetic dipole of moment m is brought along the axis of this loop from infinity to a point at distance r(>a ) from the centre of the loop with its north pole always facing the loop, as shown in the figure below.
The magnitude of magnetic field of a dipole m, at a point on its axis at distance r, is $\frac{{\mathrm{\mu }}_0}{2\mathrm{\pi }}\frac{\mathrm{m}}{{\mathrm{r}}^3}$, where μ₀ is the permeability of free space. The magnitude of the force between two magnetic dipoles with moments, m₁ and m₂, separated by a distance r on the common axis, with their north poles facing each other, is $\frac{{\mathrm{km}}_1{\mathrm{m}}_2}{{\mathrm{r}}^4}$, where k is a constant of appropriate dimensions. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two dipoles.