A white solid which gives a yellow residue on heating is: 

On heating, molecules gain energy and break their bond. The process is decomposition. In the given options when thermally decomposed lead carbonate gives a yellow solid of lead oxide.

At various temperatures, different substances undergo thermal breakdown. Some decompose at a greater temperature, while others do so at a lower temperature to release their constituent metals, fumes, compounds, or gases.
In our situation, lead carbonate ${\mathrm{PbCO}}_3$ is a white-coloured solid compound that, when exposed to heat, decomposes into a deadly yellow chemical, $\mathrm{PbO}$, along with the release of carbon dioxide gas.
The temperature at which this reaction occurs is more than 315^oC. Here is the reaction that occurs-
${\mathrm{PbCO}}_3\to \mathrm{PbO}+{\mathrm{CO}}_2$

Hence, the correct answer is option D.