(a) Write the major steps involved in gene cloning.
(b) What is the principle of PCR?

(a) The steps involved in gene cloning are:

i. DNA fragments were isolated containing genes of interest.
ii. Isolation of cloning vector.
iii. Producing recombinant DNA.
iv. Recombinant DNA then introduces to the host.

(b) The principle of PCR is based on the enzymatic replication of DNA. In PCR, the dsDNA is separated into ssDNA by providing a high temperature and ssDNA is copied by DNA polymerase and nucleosides. As a result, many copies of the original DNA are formed.