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Q.

An incandescent bulb has a thin filament of tungsten that is heated to high temperature by passing an electric current. The hot filament emits black-body radiation. The filament is observed to break up at random locations after a sufficiently long time of operation due to non-uniform evaporation of tungsten from the filament. If the bulb is powered at constant voltage, Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?

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a

The temperature distribution over the filament is uniform

b

The resistance over small sections of the filament decreases with time

c

The filament emits more light at higher band of frequencies before it breaks up 

d

The filament consumes less electrical power towards the end of the life of the bulb

answer is C, D.

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Detailed Solution

The  filament will be a conductor of non uniform crossection
A) For any element of length dx in equilibrium

   I2R=Pradiated I2ρdxπr2=σ2πrdxT4

  T4=I2ρ2π2σr3 T1r3/4
T will be non uniform as r is non uniform
B)  R=ρdxπr2 R1r2
Due to evaporation, r of every element decreases with time   ‘R’ increases with time
C) λT=  constant

 Tf  =constant 

 Tαf   

from (A) ,  Tα1r3/4
fα1r3/4  ‘r’  decrease with time 'f'  increases with time i.e. it emits bond of higher frequencies before it breaks  up if I is taken as constant. 
D)  P=V2R Due to evaporation, ‘R’ increases with  time as radius of cross section decreases for every element  'P' decrease with time
 

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