Briefly explain Greek War of Independence.

The Greek War of Independence (1821-1830) was the successful revolt of Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire which led to the establishment of an independent Greek state.

• Context: The territory of modern Greece was under the control of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. Greek nationalism and desire for independence grew during the early 19th century.
• Start of war: In 1821 Greek insurgents rose against Ottoman rule. Key events: The 1821 uprising, sieges of key cities (e.g., Athens, Ioannina), intellectual and philhellenic support from Europe.
• European intervention: European powers (Britain, France, Russia) supported the Greek cause, both for strategic and ideological reasons. In 1827 the Battle of Navarino (with allied fleets) destroyed the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet.
• Outcome: The Treaty of London and subsequent protocols recognised Greek independence. In 1830 the Kingdom of Greece was formally established.
• Significance: The war was an early example of a national-liberation movement in Europe, influenced by romantic nationalism, and it inspired other revolts in the Balkans.