Businessmen in 19th-century Europe favoured manual labour over machinery because

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Abundance of cheap labour

Hand labour produced uniform and standardised goods

Machines required huge capital investment

All of the above

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

The businessmen in 19th-century Europe favoured manual labour over machinery because hand labour produced uniform and standardised goods for a mass market, there was an abundance of cheap labour and machines required huge capital investment.
Since machines were expensive and only had a few uses, industrialists in 19th-century Europe preferred hand labour over them. Machines were less efficient, cost more to maintain, and required a substantial initial investment. On the other hand, due to pressure from higher authorities, labourers were permitted to work unlimited hours for less money. Machines required trained operators, but most workers lacked those skills. For seasonal industries like gas work, ship repair, and snow removal, seasonal workers were needed. Given that they required human talents, the wealthy and aristocrats esteemed handmade goods more highly than pre-made industrial ones.

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