Define germination. Name the two types of germination. Explain with examples.

Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant. It begins when the seed absorbs water, swells, and the embryo starts to grow.

There are two types of germination:

Epigeal Germination: In this type, the cotyledons (seed leaves) rise above the ground. For example, in beans, the cotyledons emerge above the soil as the seedling grows.

Hypogeal Germination: In this type, the cotyledons remain below the ground. For example, in pea seeds, the cotyledons stay underground while the shoot grows upwards.