Define hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous flowers

A carpel consists of three main parts: stigma, style, and ovary. Based on the relative position of the calyx, corolla, and androecium with respect to the ovary on the thalamus, flowers are classified into three types:

1. Hypogynous Flowers

• In these flowers, the gynoecium (carpel) occupies the highest position, while all other floral parts are situated below it.
• The ovary in this case is described as superior.
• Examples: Mustard, China rose, Brinjal.

2. Perigynous Flowers

• Here, the gynoecium is located in the center, while other floral parts are arranged on the rim of the thalamus at the same level.
• The ovary in perigynous flowers is considered half-inferior.
• Examples: Plum, Rose, Peach.

3. Epigynous Flowers

• In this type, the thalamus grows upward and completely encloses the ovary, fusing with it. The other floral parts arise above the ovary.
• The ovary in epigynous flowers is said to be inferior.
• Examples: Guava, Cucumber, and the ray florets of Sunflower.