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Define molarity, molality and normality of a solution

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Detailed Solution

Molarity (M)

Definition: Moles of solute present in 1 litre of solution.

M = (moles of solute) / (volume of solution in litres)

Unit: mol L⁻¹

Molality (m)

Definition: Moles of solute present in 1 kilogram of solvent.

m = (moles of solute) / (mass of solvent in kilograms)

Unit: mol kg⁻¹

Normality (N)

Definition: Gram equivalents of solute present in 1 litre of solution.

N = (gram equivalents of solute) / (volume of solution in litres)

Unit: eq L⁻¹

Quick Tip:

Molarity depends on solution volume → temperature sensitive.
Molality depends on solvent mass → temperature independent.
Normality uses equivalents → common in acid–base/redox titrations.

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