Describe the properties that distinguish each classical state of matter

Matter exists mainly in three classical states — solid, liquid, and gas — each defined by distinct *particle arrangement, movement, and energy levels.

• Solids:
  • Particles are tightly packed in fixed positions with strong intermolecular forces.
  • They have a definite shape and volume.
  • Particles vibrate about their mean positions but do not move freely.
  • Examples: Ice, wood, iron.
• Liquids:
  • Particles are close but can move past each other, allowing flow.
  • Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape — they take the shape of their container.
  • Forces of attraction are moderate.
  • Examples: Water, milk, mercury.
• Gases:
  • Particles are far apart with negligible forces of attraction.
  • They have neither fixed shape nor volume and expand to fill the entire container.
  • Gases are highly compressible and have maximum kinetic energy.
  • Examples: Air, carbon dioxide, hydrogen.

Thus, the distinguishing properties are based on inter-particle spacing, freedom of movement, energy, and compressibility.