Describe the role of lysosomal enzymes in autolysis

The Process of Autolysis

1. Lysosomal Membrane Rupture: The process begins when the membrane of the lysosome breaks down. This can be a normal part of programmed cell death (apoptosis) or a result of cell injury, disease, or post-mortem changes.
2. Enzyme Release: Upon rupture, the lysosome releases its potent mix of acid hydrolases into the cytoplasm (cytosol).
3. Massive Cellular Digestion: These enzymes, which are normally kept safely contained, are now free in the cell. They begin to indiscriminately digest all cellular components:
   • Proteases (like Cathepsins) digest proteins.
   • Lipases digest lipids (fats and membranes).
   • Nucleases digest DNA and RNA.
   • Glycosidases digest carbohydrates.
4. Cell Liquefaction: The cell's internal structure dissolves, leading to a loss of tissue integrity and the liquefaction of the cell.

Contexts for Autolysis

• Post-Mortem: This is the primary process responsible for decomposition after death. Once circulation stops, cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients, leading to membrane failure and autolysis.
• Development: It is a normal part of development. For example, the reabsorption of a tadpole's tail is a massive, controlled process of autolysis.
• Cell Injury: Severe injury or toxins can cause cells to rupture their lysosomes, leading to necrotic cell death.