During ecological succession

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the numbers and types of animals remain constant

the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community

the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

answer is C.

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Detailed Solution

Biotic or ecological succession is the natural development of a series of biotic communities at the same site, one after the other, till a climax community develops, which does not change further because it
is in perfect harmony with the environment of the area. The change is orderly and sequential. There is a parallel change in the physical environment.
(1) During an ecological succession, the number and types of animals goes on increasing with time.
(2) The community that is in near equilibrium with the environment is called climax community.
(4) The establishment of a new biotic community is slow in its primary phase but gradually becomes fast in its
secondary phase.

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