European artists portrayed nations as female because:

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It wanted to give an abstract idea of a nation a concrete form.

The female figure became an allegory.

Represented the ideals of the Liberty and the Republic

All of the above.

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

European artists portrayed nations as female figures in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. They wanted to personify a nation, and these female figures did not relate to any real woman in life. By displaying a nation, they wanted to give an abstract idea of a nation a concrete form. In France, the female figure representing the nation was named Marianne, a popular Christian name that helped underline the people’s idea of a nation. The characteristics of this female figure were drawn from the ideals of the Liberty and the Republic, represented by the symbols of a red cap, tricolour and the cockade.

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