Evolution of different species in a given area starting from a point and spreading to other geographical areas is known as

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of diverse species in a specific area, starting from a single point and spreading to other places. Adaptive radiation is exemplified by Darwin's finches. Fourteen or even fifteen species, all descended from a single ancestor, occupy distinct ecological niches on various islands to which they have adapted, according to the size and shape of their beaks in relation to the food they consume.

Migration - seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.
Divergent evolution is the process of tracing back two or more species to their common ancestor.
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time.