Explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance with suitable examples.

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Detailed Solution

Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, proposed three fundamental laws:

Law of Dominance: In a pair of contrasting traits, one (dominant) masks the other (recessive). Example: In pea plants, tallness (T) dominates over dwarfness (t).

Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, alleles of a trait separate so that each gamete carries only one allele. For example, a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) produces gametes with either T or t.

Law of Independent Assortment: Different traits are inherited independently. For example, seed shape (round/wrinkled) and seed color (yellow/green) assort independently during gamete formation.

Mendel’s experiments with pea plants laid the foundation of modern genetics and explained how traits are passed across generations.

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