Explain the Difference Between Ferromagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials

Ferromagnetic materials and paramagnetic materials both respond to magnetic fields, but their behavior and strength differ. Ferromagnetic materials (like iron, cobalt, and nickel) have atoms whose magnetic moments align strongly in the same direction even without an external field. This alignment creates a permanent magnetization, which remains after the field is removed. They have high magnetic susceptibility and can become permanent magnets. Their domains—tiny magnetic regions—reinforce one another, producing strong magnetic effects.

Paramagnetic materials (like aluminum, platinum, and magnesium), on the other hand, have individual atoms with magnetic moments that align only weakly and temporarily when exposed to an external field. Once the field is removed, the alignment disappears, and the material loses magnetism. They are weakly attracted to magnetic fields and have low susceptibility.
The key differences are:

• Ferromagnetic: strong magnetism, retains magnetization.
• Paramagnetic: weak magnetism, temporary alignment.

Temperature affects both—heating can destroy ferromagnetism beyond a limit called the Curie temperature.
Ferromagnetic materials are used in magnets, motors, and transformers, while paramagnetic materials find use in MRI scanners and catalysts. Understanding these differences helps in selecting materials for electronic and industrial applications.