Explain the following named reactions:
i) Iodoform reaction
ii) Aldol Condensation
iii) Clemmenson’s reduction
iv) Carbylamine test
v) Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction
vi) Hoffmann Bromamide Reaction
vii) Rosenmund Reduction
viii) Gatterman – Koach Reaction
ix) Wolf-Kishner reaction
x) Finkelstein reaction
xi) Swart’s Reaction
xii) Gabriel –Phthalimide Synthesis
xiii) Wurtz-Fittig reaction
xiv) Fittig Reaction

i) Iodoform reaction: When ethylalcohol is heated with I₂ and alkali (yellow crystalline solid). Iodoform is formed
${\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{CH}}_2\mathrm{OH}+4{\mathrm{I}}_2+6\mathrm{KOH}\stackrel{ }{\to } \underset{\mathrm{Iodoform}}{{\mathrm{CHI}}_3}+\mathrm{HCOOK}+5\mathrm{KI}+5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$
ii) Aldol Condensation: Aldehydes and ketones containing $\mathrm{\alpha }$ - hydrogen atoms undergo aldol
condensation. Aldol condensation takes place in presence of strong bases like NaOH, Ba(OH)₂
${\mathrm{CH}}_3-\mathrm{CHO}+{\mathrm{CH}}_3-\mathrm{CHO}\underset{\mathrm{ii}) ∆}{\overset{\mathrm{i}) \mathrm{NaOH}}{\to }} {\mathrm{CH}}_3-\underset{\mathrm{But}- 2- \mathrm{enal}}{\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}}-\mathrm{CHO}$
iii) Clemmenson’s reduction:
Acetaldehyde on reduction with Zn-amalgam and Conc.HCl gives Ethane
${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{CHO}+4\left[\mathrm{H}\right] \stackrel{Zn-Hg-HCI}{\to } {\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\mathrm{CH}}_3+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$
iv) Carbylamine test: (Isocyanide test) All primary amines give isocyanide test when aniline is
treated with chloroform and alk. KOH, phenyl isocyanide is formed.

v) Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction:
${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{COOH} \underset{-\mathrm{HCI}}{\overset{{\mathrm{CI}}_2/\mathrm{redp}}{\to }} {\mathrm{CH}}_2\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{COOH}\underset{-\mathrm{HCI}}{\overset{{\mathrm{CI}}_2/\mathrm{redp}}{\to }} {\mathrm{CH}}_2{\mathrm{Cl}}_2-\mathrm{COOH}\underset{-\mathrm{HCI}}{\overset{{\mathrm{CI}}_2/\mathrm{redp}}{\to }} {\mathrm{CCl}}_3-\mathrm{COOH}$When acetic acid reacts with Cl₂ in the presence of red phosphorous $\mathrm{\alpha } -$ hydroge are substituted by chlorine atoms
vi) Hoffmann Bromamide Reaction: Amide reacts with Bromine and NaOH to form amines
$\mathrm{R}-{\mathrm{CONH}}_2+{\mathrm{Br}}_2+4\mathrm{NaOH}\stackrel{ }{\to } \mathrm{R}-{\mathrm{NH}}_2+2\mathrm{NaBr}+{\mathrm{Na}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3+2{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$
vii) Rosenmund Reduction:

Benzoyl chloride on reduction with hydrogen in the presence of Lindlar’s catalyst gives Benzaldehyde (Pd/ BaSO₄ in quinoline)
viii) Gatterman – Koach Reaction:
Benzene reacts with CO and HCl in the presence of anhydrous AlCl₃ and CuCl to give benzaldehyde.

ix) Wolf-Kishner reaction:
Acetaldehyde on reduction with hydrazine in the presence of KOH gives ethane.
${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{CHO}+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{N}-{\mathrm{NH}}_2 \stackrel{\mathrm{KOH}}{\to } {\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\mathrm{CH}}_3+{\mathrm{N}}_2+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$
x) Finkelstein reaction:
Alkylhalides reacts with sodium iodide (NaI) in the presence of dry acetone to give alkyl iodide.
${\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{NaI} \stackrel{\mathrm{dry} \mathrm{acetone}}{\to } {\mathrm{CH}}_3-\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{NaBr}$
xi) Swart’s Reaction:-
Alkyl halides reacts with AgF to to form alkyl fluorides
${\mathrm{CH}}_3-\mathrm{Br}+\mathrm{AgF}\stackrel{ }{\to }{\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{F}+\mathrm{AgBr}$
xii) Gabriel –Phthalimide Synthesis:
 

Pthalimide reacts with alkyl halide in the presence of ethanolic KOH to form Nalkyl  pthlimide.
This on reaction with aqueous NaOH to form primary amine.
xiii) Wurtz-Fittig reaction:

Alkyl halide and arylhalide on reaction with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to form alkyl benzene
xiv) Fittig Reaction:

Aryl halides on reactions with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether gives biphenyl