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Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1890s.

The loss of cattle due to this destroyed African livelihoods.

Colonial government forced the Africans into the labour market.

All of the above

answer is D.

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Detailed Solution

Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1890s; the loss of cattle due to this destroyed African livelihoods, and the colonial government forced the Africans into the labour market are correct.
In the last decade of the 1880s, Rinderpest reached Africa. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods; hence the colonial government forced the Africans into the labour market. Rinderpest had been brought into the area by sick cattle smuggled from British Asia to feed the Italian troops occupying Eritrea. This cattle plague entered Africa from the east and spread westward like a fire killing 90% of the cattle. Planters, mine owners, and colonial governments successfully monopolised the few remaining cattle resources to increase their power. Thus the disease helped the European invaders to dominate and subjugate Africa.

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