Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and ____ whose rulers had their autonomous territories in the mid-eighteenth century in Europe.

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Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories in the mid-eighteenth century in Europe. No country states existed. Eastern and Central Europe had despotic monarchs. Individuals belonged to several ethnic groups and spoke a variety of languages. For instance, the Habsburg Empire was made up of various ethnic groups. They comprised Italian-speaking individuals from Lombardy and Venetia as well as German-speaking people from Bohemia, but they did not share a common identity or culture. Magyars made up half of Hungary's population, and such divisions did not foster a feeling of political cohesion. The only thing that brought together such disparate factions was a shared devotion to the emperor.

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