Give examples of organelles found within the protoplasm

The protoplasm is the living part of a cell that includes both the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. It houses several cell organelles, each performing specific and essential functions to keep the cell alive and functioning efficiently. Below are the major examples of organelles found within the protoplasm:

1. Nucleus: The control center of the cell, the nucleus contains DNA, which stores genetic information. It regulates cell activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
2. Mitochondria: Known as the “powerhouse of the cell,” mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
   • Rough ER (RER): Covered with ribosomes, it helps in the synthesis and transport of proteins.
   • Smooth ER (SER): Lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of harmful substances.
4. Golgi Apparatus: This organelle modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids. It also plays a role in the formation of lysosomes and secretion of cell products.
5. Lysosomes: These are membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes. They help break down waste materials and worn-out cell parts — hence often called the “suicidal bags” of the cell.
6. Ribosomes: These are tiny structures responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
7. Plastids (in plant cells):
   • Chloroplasts (green plastids) carry out photosynthesis.
   • Chromoplasts give color to fruits and flowers.
   • Leucoplasts store starch, oils, and proteins.
8. Vacuoles: Membrane-bound sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste products. Plant cells have a large central vacuole for maintaining turgor pressure.