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Q.

Given below are two statements. One is labelled Assertion (A) and the other is labelled Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : The wings of a hummingbird and the honeybee are analogous structures.
Reason    (R)  : Need to fly in the aerial environment is an environmental pressure that forced organisms of two different groups (birds and insects) to develop wings for flight independently. 

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

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a

(A) is true but (R) is false.

b

Both (A) and (R) are false. 

c

Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

d

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).  

answer is A.

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Detailed Solution

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Assertion (A) is true. The wings of birds and the wings of insects are analogous structures because they serve the same function (flight) but have different evolutionary origins. The wings of birds are modified forelimbs with bones (a vertebrate structure), while the wings of insects are extensions of the exoskeleton (an invertebrate structure). Since these structures evolved independently to serve the same function, they are analogous, not homologous.
Reason (R) is also true and explains (A). Both birds (Aves) and insects evolved wings as an adaptation to the need to fly in the aerial environment. This is an example of convergent evolution, where different organisms (in this case, birds and insects) independently evolve similar traits due to facing similar environmental pressures (such as the need for flight). Thus, the environmental challenge of flight led to the development of wings in both groups, despite them being from different evolutionary lineages.

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