Health Effects Of Iodine Deficiency And Prevention

Iodine deficiency occurs when the thyroid gland does not have enough iodine to produce the thyroid hormones the body needs. This lack of hormones, known as hypothyroidism, can lead to a spectrum of health issues, collectively called Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).

Health Effects of Deficiency

• Goiter: This is the most visible sign of iodine deficiency. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, enlarges as it works overtime, desperately trying to absorb every possible trace of iodine from the bloodstream to make hormones.
• Hypothyroidism: Symptoms of an underactive thyroid include persistent fatigue, unexplained weight gain, increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.
• Cognitive Impairment: In adults, deficiency can cause "brain fog," difficulty concentrating, and reduced mental clarity. In children, it can lead to lower IQ and poor school performance.
• Pregnancy Complications: For pregnant women, deficiency increases the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and preterm delivery.
• Cretinism (Congenital Iodine Deficiency Syndrome): This is the most severe consequence, occurring when a fetus or newborn is severely iodine-deficient. It is irreversible and characterized by severe, permanent mental impairment and stunted physical growth (dwarfism).

Prevention of Iodine Deficiency

1. Universal Salt Iodisation: The primary and most effective method of prevention is the consistent use of iodised salt in all household cooking and food processing.
2. Dietary Choices: Including iodine-rich foods in the diet can help. Good sources include fish (like cod and tuna), shrimp, and other seafood, as well as dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) and eggs. Seaweed (like kelp) is an extremely potent source.
3. Supplementation: High-risk groups, particularly pregnant and breastfeeding women, may be advised by their doctor to take an iodine supplement to ensure they meet their elevated daily requirements.