How are microorganisms used in biotechnology?

Microorganisms are the foundation of biotechnology because they grow quickly, can be genetically modified, and produce valuable products. Their fast growth, simple cell structure, and genetic flexibility allow scientists to use them in medicine, agriculture, industry, environmental management, and genetic research.

In Medicine

Microorganisms are widely used to make life-saving drugs and vaccines. For example, the bacterium Escherichia coli is genetically engineered to produce human insulin for diabetic patients. Microbes are also used to manufacture vaccines, antibiotics, growth hormones, and vitamins. The discovery of penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum was one of the earliest examples showing how microbes transformed healthcare.

In Agriculture

Agricultural biotechnology relies on microorganisms to improve crop yield and reduce chemical use. Microbes are developed as biofertilizers and biopesticides, helping farmers grow healthier crops naturally. A key example is Bt cotton, created using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a bacterium that produces proteins toxic to insect pests. This crop resists pests naturally, protecting fields while reducing pesticide use.

In Industry

Microorganisms drive industrial biotechnology by producing a wide range of products. They are used in the manufacture of alcohol, organic acids (such as citric acid and lactic acid), enzymes, and biofuels. These microbial products are applied in food processing, detergents, textiles, paper, and leather industries. In addition, genetically modified microbes are used in waste treatment and bioremediation, where they break down oil spills and harmful pollutants.

In Research and Genetic Engineering

Microorganisms serve as model organisms in laboratories, making them essential for studying genetics and biotechnology. They are used in cloning DNA, developing genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and producing medicines. With tools like recombinant DNA technology and CRISPR, microbes are engineered to create crops with better nutrition, higher resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to extreme conditions.