How do atoms form chemical bonds with each other?

Atoms bond by using their valence electrons (outermost electrons) to achieve a more stable arrangement, usually by completing their outer shell.

There are three main types of chemical bonds:

Ionic Bonds

• Mechanism: One atom transfers one or more electrons to another.
• Result: Oppositely charged ions form (positive and negative) and attract each other.
• Stability: Each ion ends up with a full outer shell, making the system more stable.

Covalent Bonds

• Mechanism: Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
• Result: Shared electrons stay in the space between the two nuclei.
• Types:
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared equally, usually between identical or similar atoms (e.g., O₂).
  • Polar Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared unequally, creating slight positive and negative charges on different atoms.

Metallic Bonds

• Mechanism: Atoms in a metal share a collective “sea” of electrons that move freely throughout the structure.
• Result: This free electron flow gives metals their shine, flexibility, and ability to conduct electricity.

Why Atoms Bond

Atoms bond to reach a stable, low-energy state, similar to noble gases with full outer shells. They achieve this stability by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.