How do cytoplasm and nucleoplasm differ in composition?

The cytoplasm and nucleoplasm are two major parts of the protoplasm in eukaryotic cells. While both are semi-fluid substances that support cell function, they differ in location, composition, and function.

1. Location:
   • The cytoplasm is found between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane.
   • The nucleoplasm (also called nuclear sap or karyoplasm) is enclosed within the nuclear membrane inside the nucleus.
2. Composition:
   • Cytoplasm: It consists of cytosol (the fluid portion), cell organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and cytoskeletal elements. It contains water, salts, sugars, amino acids, and enzymes. The cytosol is rich in ions such as potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium, which help in maintaining osmotic balance and enzyme activity.
   • Nucleoplasm: It contains chromatin (DNA and proteins), nucleolus, and enzymes involved in transcription and replication. The nucleoplasm is rich in nucleotides, nucleosides, and nuclear proteins that help in the synthesis of RNA and ribosomal subunits.
3. Functions:
   • Cytoplasm acts as the site for major metabolic activities such as glycolysis, protein synthesis, and cellular respiration. It also provides a medium for organelles to remain suspended and interact.
   • Nucleoplasm supports the genetic material and provides the environment for replication, transcription, and ribosome assembly.
4. Nature and Consistency:
   • The cytoplasm is more gel-like and dynamic due to constant movement (cytoplasmic streaming).
   • The nucleoplasm is more viscous and stable, providing structural support to chromatin and the nucleolus.