How Do Matchsticks Work?

Matchsticks work through a chemical reaction of compounds on the match head and the matchbox surface, which produces fire by friction. A matchstick has a wooden stick or stiff paper coated with chemicals that ignite when rubbed on a special surface. The reaction involves oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur compounds. This process is an example of combustion.

Chemicals Used in Matchstick Head

• Potassium chlorate: Provides oxygen for burning.
• Sulfur or antimony sulfide: Main combustible material that catches fire.
• Glue and starch: Work as binding materials.
• Coloring agents: Give color to match head.

Chemicals Used on Matchbox Surface

• Red phosphorus: Helps in ignition by converting into white phosphorus on friction.
• Powdered glass: Increases friction.
• Glue: Holds the mixture on the surface.

Process of Ignition

1. When the matchstick is rubbed against the box, red phosphorus changes into white phosphorus due to heat of friction.
2. This reacts with potassium chlorate in the match head to release oxygen.
3. The oxygen helps sulfur catch fire quickly.
4. The wooden stick continues burning.