How do spaceships protect themselves from radiation in space?

Space radiation comes mainly from the sun (solar radiation) and cosmic rays from deep space. Spaceships use multiple protective strategies to minimize exposure. The hull is made of materials such as aluminum, polyethylene, or other hydrogen-rich composites that absorb radiation effectively. Water tanks and fuel compartments can also be strategically placed around crew areas to act as additional barriers. Some modern designs use active shielding technologies, generating magnetic or electric fields to deflect charged particles. Inside, astronauts retreat to a “storm shelter” during solar flares, where radiation protection is strongest. Continuous monitoring of radiation levels ensures crew safety throughout the mission.