How do vacuoles develop from Golgi or ER during biogenesis?

acuole biogenesis draws from the endomembrane system. Provacuoles can originate from the ER, receiving tonoplast proteins (e.g., V-ATPase subunits) early; cargo is then sorted via Golgi/TGN routes to lytic or storage vacuoles. 

Multiple pathways operate: ER→Golgi→TGN→LV/PSV trafficking with specific sorting receptors, and ER-derived maturation routes that assemble the tonoplast. Autophagy and endocytosis also contribute membrane and cargo during growth.